The Role Of Women In The Handmaids Tale - 1522 Words

Women in the past were perceived as insignificant because of the society’s inability to embrace and acknowledge women as of equal importance as men and of those who are wealthy. In Margret Atwood’s novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, the character by the name of Offred, is a handmaid and tells her perspective of the dystopian life in the community of Gilead. The women of 1985 serve the males and the rich if they are not a wealthy maiden themselves. However, regardless of class, women are always discerned as of lesser significance than men. This is manifested through Offred’s observation that although the women who are a Commander’s wife are entitled of higher authority than the handmaids, they are still seen as insignificant. In order to give them†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Look at us! We’re just like everyone else. We’ve bought into the same ridiculous delusion; this idea that you have to settle down and resign from life.† (Ap ril Wheeler, Revolutionary Road). It has become a society norm that women are meant to serve housewives; to cook, clean, garden, and nurture children, even though they are much more capable of other things. The role of women is greatly overseen, as they are not perceived to be of their full potential, rather than as societies idealistic expectation. This is because men and those who are wealthy are unable to look past gender and accept women as of equal significance. Despite the little dependence on women, they are still objectified and subjected to injustice because of their gender, regardless if they were a female in general or as a poor female. As something as simple as what a person is born with affects the respect that is given to them. Margaret Atwood formulates Offred’s personality much like any other handmaid in the community. Offred becomes familiar with the functionality and role of women in the community, therefore she adjusts herself in order to be up to par with the unethical standard. â€Å"I wait. I compose myself. My self is a thing I must now compose, as one composes a speech. What I must present is a made thing, not something born. (Atwood, 75). To be what is required of her, Offred must act unhuman because the expectations of females exceed theShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Women In The Handmaids Tale1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood is a story about a handmaid named Offred in the Rep ublic of Gilead, where the government oppresses women’ rights completely. Living in an oppressive world, women like Offred have no choice but to live up to society’s expectation. Many standards of the Gilead society are extremely controversial. Still, those poor women must make decisions that helped them fit in, even though they conflict with their true thoughts. Otherwise, they will be facing terrible punishmentsRead MoreLiterary Analysis of the Handmaids Tale1068 Words   |  5 PagesOffred, in Margaret Atwood’s disturbing novel The Handmaid’s Tale says, â€Å"But who can remember pain once it’s over? All that remains of it is a shadow, not in the mind even, in the flesh. Pain marks you, but too deep to see. Out of sight, out of mind.† The society of Gilead causes the aforementioned pain and demoralization by using women’s bodies as political instruments. Similar to Atwood’s novel, today’s men put immense pressure on women to be a certain way, give them children, and take care ofRead MoreThoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in the Handmaid’s Tale Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesENGL 252-01 28 November 2012 Thoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in The Handmaid’s Tale The Annotated Bibliography Dopp, Jamie. Subject-Position as Victim-Position in The Handmaids Tale. Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littà ©rature canadienne [Online], 19.1 (1994): n. page. Web. 27 Nov. 2012 Dopp believes that Dopp believes that the goal of The Handmaid’s Tale is to work against the oppression of women, While he feels that is actually does the opposite. Dopp Argues that theRead MoreThemes in Literature991 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent pieces of writing. One particular example of this occurrance can be seen in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale and William Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew. Although these works have been written in very different time periods and use separate styles, there are two themes which link both stories and convey a very similar message. Strict societal roles and the treatment of women in patriarchal societies are prevalent ideas in both Shakespeare’s play and Atwood’s novel. These themesRead MoreSymbolism In The Handmaids Tale1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe Handmaid’s Tale The Handmaid’s Tale is a story told in the voice of Offred, who is the character of the â€Å"handmaid†, which is described best by women who are being forced and used for reproduction because they can make babies. In the Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood uses symbolism, which is the use of symbols to represent ideas, to show the reader the handmaid’s role in society of Gilead. The handmaids were women who had broken the law of Gilead, and forced into having sex and reproducing forRead MoreObserving the Similarities and Differences between Handmaids Tale and Gattaca1127 Words   |  4 Pageswhile also foreshadowing the consequences of those issues if left unresolved. Both Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, and the movie Gattaca reflect dystopian societies in their approach to human reproduction and social class. The illusion of utopia and dehumanization of individuals are present through both societies’ dependence on an elite group of males. Handmaid’s Tale and Gattaca, while sharing similarities between dystopian themes, challenge reproduction from two greatly opposingRead MoreThe Characters of Women in The Handmaids Tale and The Bell Jar1504 Words   |  7 Pages Women in The Handmaids Tale and The Bell Jar nbsp; Sylvia Plaths renowned autobiographical legend The Bell Jar and Margaret Atwoods fictional masterpiece The handmaids tale are the two emotional feminist stories, which basically involve the womens struggle. Narrated with a touching tone and filled with an intense feminist voice, both novels explore the conflict of their respective protagonists in a male dominated society. In spite of several extraordinary similarities in termsRead MoreOppression Of Women In The Handmaids Tale1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Oppression of Women that is shown in The Handmaid’s Tale When describing the newly established society in The Handmaid’s Tale, the Commander states that â€Å"better never means better for everyone [...] it always means worse, for some† (Atwood, 244). This accurately describes the nature of patriarchal societies, such as the society that is described by Margaret Atwood in The Handmaid’s Tale. The Republic of Gilead is a patriarchal society that has religious, and patriarchal values that benefit theRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1709 Words   |  7 PagesOne of Atwood’s bestselling novel is The Handmaid’s Tale, a disturbing dystopian fiction novel. The Handmaid’s Tale is a complex tale of a woman’s life living in a society that endorses sexual slavery and inequality through oppression and fear. The female characters in Margaret Atwood’s novel demonstrates how these issues affects women’s lives. Offred is the individual with whom we sympathize and experience the se issues. In The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood addresses her perception of the ongoingRead MoreInterpreting the Handmaids Tale657 Words   |  3 PagesInterpreting The Handmaids Tale The Handmaids Tale is distinguished by its various narrative and structural divisions. It contains four different levels of narrative time: the pre-Revolution past, the time of the Revolution itself, the Gileadean period, and the post-Gileadean period (LeBihan 100). In addition, the novel is divided into two frames, both with a first person narrative. Offreds narrative makes up the first frame, while the second frame is provided by the Historical Notes, a transcript

Imperialism in the Tempest - a Question of Ethics and...

When one interacts with strangers, feelings of superiority and inferiority are bound to occur. In Shakespeares time period, most of the Europeans perspectives were disrespectful, arrogant, and full of ignorance. Like the Native Americans, for most of the European colonists who landed in the New World, it was their first exposure to the people of a different race. And yet, their first intuition of the Native Americans was described as barbarians, savages, and cannibals. The Europeans thought themselves as superior compared to the poor savages(Takaki 148); likewise in The Tempest, Shakespeare portrayed Prospero as the rightful leader of Calibans island, just as the Europeans thought of themselves as the rightful rulers of the†¦show more content†¦In fact, the name of Caliban is a mere metathesis and anagram of cannibals; and the word cannibal is used by Christopher Columbus in describing Caribs cannibalistic behaviors in 1498. Therefore, Shakespeares bias in the play, The T empest, illustrates Caliban as a savage, a born devil whose nature nurture can never sticks and as with his body uglier grows so his mind cankers (4.1.188-192). The European claimed that they had a God-given responsibility to inhabit and reform so barbarious a nation and to educate to uplift the filthy people (Takaki p 145). One of their responsibilities is planting of religion among those infidels and increase the force of the Christians (Hakluyt p.125) and others were showed by Shakespeare through actions of Prospero. He attempted to nurture, teach, and civilize Caliban. Despite Prosperos contributions, Caliban is incapable of learning anything but curses in foul language and even attempted to rape Prosperos beloved daughter, Miranda. Calibans savagery is vividly portrayed in his sexual assault with lack of affections, and his animalistic innate instinct of reproduction and expanding its own kind. Judging against Ferdinands conduct in accepting his slavery

Woollen Mills Pty Ltd vs Commonwealth †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Woollen Mills Pty Ltd vs Commonwealth. Answer: Introduction: According to the facts of the case it is a case of breach of duty of care under the law of tort. A breach of duty cause when it has been found that the defendant has found to be failure to exercise the duty of care towards the defendant. Due to the negligence towards the duty of care which causes by the defendant causes damages to the plaintiff. Balfour v. Attorney General [1991] is one of the famous case of Australia where a damage has been caused to the plaintiff by the defendant due to the failure of duty of care of proximity causes. Under the law of tort it is a case of breach of duty of care. Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] is a case where plaintiff has found damages of heath issues due to the negligence which has been caused by the defendant while he served a beer bottle with a decomposed snail in it. As per the fact of the case Ellen went to the office of the council officer for the assurance of him if it will be fine to take the property for her meditation business. However he told that everything will be finned but it causes damages to her and her business. As a council office it was his duty to provides every information to the clients which is the duty of him. The council officer has owned the duty of care towards Ellen but he failed to exercise the duty of care which causes the breach of duty of care towards Ellen. Therefore he is liable for the damages which she suffered. According to the contract law, a contract has been formed between two or more that two parties. When a contract formed it follows various elements which include offer and acceptance, capacity of contract, consideration, legal intention and certainty between the parties. When the parties failed to meet the elements of the contract it had been breached legal binding of the contract. Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth High Court of Australia (1954) is one of example of breach of the contract. In this case the court has stated that the parties of the contract have failed to form a legally binding contract due to the failure of exercise the terms of consideration, condition and legal intention. Therefore the formation of the contract has become invalid for the breach of the terms of the contracts. The parties are bound to follow the five elements when they are forming a legally valid contract. One party will make the offer and other one will accept it. The consideration will set the contract where it will consider the exchange of values. The sound mind people only form the contract. The legal intention is necessary along with the certainty. According to the facts when Ellen took the property for her meditation business she has informed the landlord about her requirement of having a clam environment for running the business. However due to the renovation work to the next door it creates nuisance and disturbance to her business. The disturbances cause several damages to her. The clients are not able to concentrate of the meditation and she suffered mental illness. Therefore according to the terms of the contract the land lord has failed to form a contract which consists of all consideration, legal intention and certainty. A breach of contract has been occurring by the landlord who causes damages to her. The contributory negligence is one of the part of the negligence under the tort law where defendant can use it as defense where the liability of the damages has caused by him to the plaintiff. According to the terms of the contributory negligence defendant can share the liability of damages with the plaintiff where plaintiff has suffered the damages. The liabilities of the damages are applicable for both of them. Podrebersek v Australian Iron and Steel [1985] is a case of contributory negligence where court has found the liabilities of damages by both of the plaintiff and defendant due to the negligence. In the case of Bankstown Foundry Pty Ltd v Braistina [1986] court found that the plaintiff has suffered several damages by the defendant due to acts of negligence but the liabilities of damages lied upon to both of plaintiff and defendant. As per the facts of the case the council officer has owned a duty of care towards his clients. When Ellen asked for his suggestions about the lease property before she make the agreement he has stated not to worry about without any enquiries. However Ellen is equally liable in this case because without the appropriate consideration and determination from the landlord she made the lease agreement. It causes several damages to her and the meditation business. Due to the renovation process to the next door of her business property created disturbances to the clients where they are not able to concentrate on the meditation process. It is an act of contributory negligence by both Ellen and the council officer. In this case Ellen is the ultimate sufferer who faced the damages which causes mental illness and disturbance to the clients. Though she changes the shift timing it still made the noise of construction. Conclusion Due to the liability of Ellen and Council officer it can be concluded that if she claimed compensation from him then partly she will also face the burden of liabilities. Reference Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth High Court of Australia (1954) 92 CLR 424 Balfour v. Attorney General [1991] 519 Bankstown Foundry Pty Ltd v Braistina [1986] HCA 20 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Podrebersek v Australian Iron and Steel [1985] HCA 34

Profit

Introduction Some companies’ have pegged their performance on profit realized in a given period of time. The level of profit reached determines whether the company is successful or not. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Profit-Oriented Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These companies compel the managers to adopt those strategies that will enable the business to achieve the highest level of profits as compared to other similar businesses in that industry. These are termed as profit-oriented companies (Lagerstron 1). These companies do not take part in corporate-social responsibilities but they instead focus on money generating activities. Government intervention The government has been in the forefront campaigning for companies to adopt corporate-social responsibilities (Petkoski 5). In these campaigns, companies are encouraged to give back to the society as a way of compensating the society for th e inefficiencies caused. The compensation may be given because of pollution caused to the environment, the usage of the society’s resources such as man power, security effected because of individuals’ presence in the society and vital information provided to the organization amongst others. In order to attain this, the government is encouraging businesses to adopt corporate-social responsibility as an appreciation of what they get from the society. According to (Kotler Lee 1-135), companies should give something small back to the society. This can be through charitable activities such as sponsoring bright and needy students, building of schools and hospitals and other activities which are beneficial to the society. The move by many companies A number of companies have made a decision not to adopt Corporate-Social Responsibility and have cited some arguments in support of their decision (Baker 1-5). To start with, the business is a shareholder’s property manag ed by the managers through the existence of an agent-principal relationship. These managers expend the shareholder’s wealth in the name of undertaking corporate-social responsibilities. Shareholders consider this as theft of their wealth. The shareholders are against this concept because their money is used and it is not their duty to run the business, instead it is the managers who are charged with this responsibility as THEIR agents.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, it is argued that very successful businesses or individuals waste none of their time taking part in CSR with examples of Bill Gates. They are still successful with a lot of wealth even after not incorporating CSR. Thirdly, some businesses have not developed well and thus, they cannot go on expending cash on unnecessary social projects which are costly while they have an uphill task to deal with . These companies consider themselves to be too busy in pursuing their core goals than engaging in CSR. As a matter of fact, small companies have a small pool of money which is not enough for growth and development. For these small businesses to achieve potential growth, the management is obliged to generate sufficient profits so as to be able to engage themselves in a comprehensive CSR (Longernecker et al 33-34). To conclude, some business owners argue that it is the work of the politicians to attend to the needs of the society. Therefore, the owners are not satisfied when they engage in social functions which are supposed to be undertaken by politicians. They see politicians as having neglected their role of attending to the society. Thus, if the business owners participate in CSR then, it will imply that they are taking jobs that belong to politicians. Their argument is that the core reason for establishing a business is profit maximization. Profit cannot be the primary goal Ac cording to (Vivek 3-4), being profit oriented does not mean that the company is the most profitable. In his views, those companies that end up being profitable are not entirely profit oriented. In addition, it is argued that the happiest people are not the ones who pursue happiness. This depicts that companies which are perpetually profit oriented are not necessarily the ones that emerge out to be the most profitable. However, profitable companies are the ones which cultivate, establish and maintain good relationships with various stakeholders such as customers, suppliers and employees. For example, Lehman Brothers and Enron were profit oriented in the long run. However, pursuit of personal interests by the firm’s employees culminated into failure (of the firm). This resulted to unfair treatment of employees creating discontent. Public and private goals Companies have different goals that they must achieve in order to survive in the long term as going concern entities. These goals range from public to private goals. Once a company has achieved these goals, it is capable of competing with other companies. Public goals are related to attending to the society at large while private goals relates to those goals that are unique to a company. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Profit-Oriented Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the company is in need of achieving public goals, it must perform those things that are beneficial to the society. Companies that pursue public goals end up becoming market leaders in the industry. The government has continued to encourage companies to engage in CSR in an effort to promote development across all boundaries. It also creates a good atmosphere for firms to conduct their corporate activities (Leaders Summit 1-2). In addition to public goals, businesses pursue private goals which are unique from one business to another. An example of a privat e goal is profit maximization (Lagerstron 4). For a business to be successful, it must generate adequate profits. Some businesses have in the past generated very high profits only to decline in the future. An example of this is ICI which was once one of Britain’s leading companies. The company was making a lot of significant profits from its operations. However, due to failure of the firm to incorporate CSR, the firm was overtaken by other companies. This means that companies willing to enhance their profit levels should engage themselves in corporate social responsibilities. This is important because the company establishes a good relationship with customers, employees and suppliers (Dedhia 1-10). Through this relationship, the firms can establish a strong customer base that will guarantee sales to the company. This facilitates the company to experience a high sales turnover leading to high profits to the company. Consequences Companies will continuously be encouraged to u ndertake corporate social responsibility in their operation. Multinational companies from Latin America (Lourdes 1-17) have emerged to be great companies in the industry because they have adopted corporate social responsibilities. The move attracted many customers that have enhanced the growth of businesses (Gwendolyn 2). According to (Supert 1), CSR emerged in the 1980s and its incorporation by multinational companies has made these multinationals to become the world’s most profitable companies. These companies were involved in poverty alleviation in the society among other activities. The resultant effect was an improvement in their public image. This made them more acceptable to the society. Conversely, companies such as Bear Sterns did not come out successfully because they neglected the idea of corporate social responsibility. This therefore indicates that those companies which adopt CSR have a higher probability of succeeding as compared to companies that ignore the c oncept. Over the recent years, there has been a rampant growth in the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility in the firm’s course of operation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Profit oriented companies as discussed above are not necessarily market leaders. The management may be doing their best, but because of failure to engage in CSR, employees end up bringing them down. Therefore, a company needs to undertake corporate social responsibility to enhance its probability of success. The managers should also realize that any failure to manage these companies properly can result in low returns (CSR press release 1-3). Works Cited Baker, Mallen. Corporate social responsibility. Web. CSR press release. Managing corporate social responsibility. New York: Ethical Corporations, 2003. Print. Dedhia, Manish. How to build good customer relationship. Web. Gwendolyn, Cuizon. What is corporate social responsibility? How will CSR benefit the Company. Europe: Double Dragon Publishing, 2007. Print. Kotler, Philip and Lee, Nancy. Corporate social responsibility: doing the most good for your company and your cause. Washington: John Wiley Sons, 2005. Print. Lagers tron, Mitra. Performance measurement and management control system; profit- oriented vs. non profit corporations. Sweden: Lund’s University, 2002. Print. Leaders Summit. Role of government in promoting corporate responsibility and private sector engagement in development. New York: UN Global Compact, 2010. Print. Longernecker, Justin, Moore, Carlos and Palich, Leslie. Small business management; an entrepreneurial emphasis. USA: Cengage Learning, 2005. Print. Lourdes, Casanova. Corporate social responsibility and the Latin American multinationals. France: strategy Department, 2010. Print. Petkoski, Djordjija. Public policy for corporate social responsibility. World Bank Institute: Nigel Twose, 2003. Print. Supert, Christian. Corporate responsibility-driven towards standardization? SLU: Department of Economics, 2005. Print. Vivek, Kaul. Profit can’t be primary goal of business. Mumbai: Deligent Media Corporations Ltd, 2010. Print. This essay on Profit-Oriented Companies was written and submitted by user KarenPage to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on A Free Press And A Democratic Public Sphere

A Free Press and Democratic Public Sphere â€Å"Burke said there were three estates in Parliament, but in the reporters’ gallery yonder there sat a fourth estate more important than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact†¦Printing, which comes necessarily out of writing, I say often, is equivalent to democracy; invent writing and democracy is inevitable†¦Whoever can speak, speaking now for the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law making, in all acts of authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenuers or garnitures: the requisite thing is that he have a tongue which others will listen to.† Since the invention of the printing press the mass media’s effect on politics has been hard to understate. Political theories have been born and died in the span of time marked by the evolution of what we now call mass communication. In this time liberal democracy has come to the forefront as the basic theory behind the systems of government now employed by most all western nations . Together democracy, mass communication, or mass media, capitalism, and the entrepreneurial spirit, which comes there from, have sparked the most rapid period of innovation and invention in the history of the world and some of the freest, most open, and politicly legitimate societies ever to exist. In theory then, mass media is not only beneficial to a democratic public sphere; it is quite imperative. Still, the world does not exist merely in theory, and theory and reality often differ. Today’s mass media, as it has evolved, contains many contradictions that hinder its ability to provide â €Å"equal access†¦to sources of information and equal opportunities to participate in the debates from which political decisions rightly flow.† Nonetheless, because today’s mass media exists in a free press environment the media is of great benefit to democracy. At the d... Free Essays on A Free Press And A Democratic Public Sphere Free Essays on A Free Press And A Democratic Public Sphere A Free Press and Democratic Public Sphere â€Å"Burke said there were three estates in Parliament, but in the reporters’ gallery yonder there sat a fourth estate more important than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact†¦Printing, which comes necessarily out of writing, I say often, is equivalent to democracy; invent writing and democracy is inevitable†¦Whoever can speak, speaking now for the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law making, in all acts of authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenuers or garnitures: the requisite thing is that he have a tongue which others will listen to.† Since the invention of the printing press the mass media’s effect on politics has been hard to understate. Political theories have been born and died in the span of time marked by the evolution of what we now call mass communication. In this time liberal democracy has come to the forefront as the basic theory behind the systems of government now employed by most all western nations . Together democracy, mass communication, or mass media, capitalism, and the entrepreneurial spirit, which comes there from, have sparked the most rapid period of innovation and invention in the history of the world and some of the freest, most open, and politicly legitimate societies ever to exist. In theory then, mass media is not only beneficial to a democratic public sphere; it is quite imperative. Still, the world does not exist merely in theory, and theory and reality often differ. Today’s mass media, as it has evolved, contains many contradictions that hinder its ability to provide â €Å"equal access†¦to sources of information and equal opportunities to participate in the debates from which political decisions rightly flow.† Nonetheless, because today’s mass media exists in a free press environment the media is of great benefit to democracy. At the d...

The Role Of Women In essays

The Role Of Women In essays In the eyes of the masculine society, the dominance of women has never been seen with pleasure. Their egotistical macho egos will not tolerate women prevailing over them. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, was Ken Keseys tool to demonstrate the evils of domineering females. Every one of his feminine characters was given birth with malignant, evil inflicting individualities. Ken Keseys views of women are as spiteful creatures that take pleasure in the anguish of men. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, exposes the malevolent powers of women, and the detrimental effects of what these powers can do when they are not restricted. In the masculine perspectives of Ken Kesey, the female characters are downsized to just two roles in the story. Each of which is created to bring down the self-worth of men, or to use sexuality to inflict havoc in the lives of which they meet. Ken Kesey has women who cause men to undergo a metaphoric castration. The characters of Nurse Ratched, Billys mother, and the Ch iefs mother are focused on the removal of the masculinity of the male characters in the story that they are involved with. Ken Kesey, writes about the destructive powers that women exert over men, inflicting the reader with the ideals of the masculine form of thought. Nurse Ratched is the perfect woman that Ken Kesey uses to demonstrate that the matriarchy of women is wicked. To describe the character of the nurse, Ken Kesey uses a male figure, which is the Chief. This demonstrates the how unfairly even from the start women are being described by the biased eyes of a male. Ratched, her name suggests her role to tighten the stronghold that she has on the men in her ward. Even the beauty of a womans smile is twisted and turned by Ken Kesey. The more infuriated she becomes, the more machinelike and, therefore, funny she becomes, ...she really lets herself go and her painted smile twists, stretches to...

Protection of Journalistic Sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Protection of Journalistic Sources - Essay Example There is multitude of such cases in which the freedom of media has had been violated. Keeping in view such instances, it may easily be concluded that the prevailing laws have some flaws which have to be rectified in order to make the media more secure and free to perform its real ‘watchdog’ role and deliver the information to the public without any legal hindrances. There should be clarity in the laws which may not lead judges or the defence lawyers to interpret these laws wrongly. As, in the eye of law, both the accused and the common man have equal rights, so their rights may not clash with each other. If the fair trial is the fundamental right of the accused, it is also a right of the common man to know the factual position if there is public interest involved in the case. And it is, also the ethical obligation of the journalists to safeguard their sources so they may obtain information. Hence there is a need to make laws keeping in view these aspects.

Coporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coporate Governance - Essay Example Definition of corporate social responsibility also includes the broader concept of economic, environmental, and social sustainability. CSR is a fundamental part of an integrated set of principles applied to the management of business. A business model should integrate economic performance with environmental and social values. This is a good definition of corporate social responsibility. The Boeing Company is the world's leading aerospace company, with its heritage mirroring the history of flight. It is the largest manufacturer of satellites, commercial jetliners, and military aircraft. The company is also a global market leader in missile defense, human space flight, and launch services. in the cabins and cockpits of many jets manufactured. Use of an overly harsh cleaning fluid on fuel tanks caused the inner coating of the tanks to flake off. Fuel tank repairs were made after the tanks had been Boeing has managed to stifle environmental reforms, become the state's second-worst polluter in a region renowned for its environmental awareness, and avoid serious scrutiny from the media, the public and even environmentalists. Despite Boeing's claims of a proactive environmental evolution, government regulators agree that Boeing rarely makes any major environmentally minded reforms without being so ordered. Boeing has taken credit, for example, for phasing out wasteful spray-paint guns and the use of CFCs in its part-cleaning vapor-degreasers. Boeing withholds from the public details of its plans to reduce toxic waste emissions, keeping watchdogs in the dark about areas where the company could or should be cutting down on pollution. State officials are allowed to see the plans, but they can't copy them. Perhaps most importantly, Boeing uses its enormous tentacles reaching deep into the state's political, business, social, even religious institutions to blunt criticism.Boeing's Aub urn plant discharged nearly 1,400 pounds of chromium - a carcinogenic heavy metal that can kill marine wildlife - into one of Metro's sanitary sewage systems. Boeing uses chromium to help make parts corrosion-resistant. Unbeknownst to Metro, the chromium went to the agency's sewage treatment plant in Renton, where most of it found its way into truckloads of bio solids - treated solid waste primarily used to fertilize forest and farm lands. Much of it winds up in the Olympic National Forest. In 2003 Boeing Co. chairman and chief executive Phil Condit resigned unexpectedly only days after the huge aerospace manufacturer fired two other Boeing officials for an alleged ethics breach. Condit had been with Boeing since 1965, when he joined the company as an aerodynamics engineer. He has been chief executive since 1996 and chairman since 1997; the company's seventh chairman since it was founded in 1916.Boeing has been roiled for months by ethical controversies

Summary of Professional Ethics Module Essay Example for Free

Summary of Professional Ethics Module Essay Ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies the difference between right and wrong. As professional accountants, you will have many opportunities to choose between right and wrong. And as you have seen in the business press, making the wrong choice can lead to serious consequences including corporate failure, loss of reputation, fines, and even jail sentences. The objective of this unit is to introduce you to different branches of ethics, in order to help you understand that people approach the topic with different points of view. You will learn about different ways of thinking through an ethical question. This will help you identify the way that you make decisions so that you can recognise your own personal ethics in any professional ethical problem that you may be faced with. In this way, you can mitigate any detrimental impact of your own personal ethics, with a view to a more objective approach. Perspectives on ethics In very broad terms, there are three ways of looking at ethics that have developed over time: rules conformance, good intentions, and competence. One way of thinking about ethics is in terms of conformity to rules. From this perspective, ethics is understood as a list of things to do and to not do. Sometimes the list gets very long and complicated and needs to be interpreted by a whole institution of people. The ethical person, from this perspective, is the one who conforms to the rules. A second way of thinking about ethics is in terms of good intentions. From this perspective, a behaviour is considered ethical if it is based on good intentions. Good behaviour then follows from good thinking. The third perspective thinks of ethics in terms of competence. From this perspective, the ethical person is one who can make decisions based on principles and then act on them. This perspective is thought of as looking at competence, because ethics is thought of in terms of an ability rather than an attitude our duty to others One way to think about ethics is to acknowledge that there are things that someone just does not do, as part of a duty to others. A limitation of this principle is that you have to decide what those things are that someone should not do. At least one philosopher (Immanuel Kant) has defined those duties by saying ‘act according to principles that everyone could follow. ’ For example, if you disobey traffic lights, you should consider what would happen if everyone did so. The point is that we should recognise everyone as equals, and not assume that the rules are any different for ourselves than they are for other people. As an accounting example, a professional accountant would not deliberately issue false or inaccurate financial statements. If everyone did so, no statements could be trusted and as a consequence not only would the profession be brought into disrepute, but all financial statements would have no value to their users. Ultimately the need for accountants and for financial reports would be called into question. Consequences Another way of thinking about ethics is based on thinking about the consequences to different people. Briefly, consequentialism encourages you to make decisions based on the consequences — both positive and negative — for those involved. This category of thinking is the branch of ethics known as utilitarianism. This states that an action is right if it leads to the most good outcomes and the least bad outcomes for the greatest number of people. One limitation of thinking about ethics in terms of consequences is that you have to agree on what sorts of consequences matter: for example, should you be trying to promote pleasure and avoid causing pain, or should you instead focus on promoting people’s actual well-being, regardless of whether doing so makes them happy? A modern application of this point of view is the cost-benefit analysis, which involves assigning monetary values to the costs and benefits of an action and seeing how they add up. This practice is often used in evaluating new projects. As an accounting example, an accountant thinking in terms of consequences would prepare ‘true and fair’ financial statements because doing so would bring the most benefit to the greatest number of people. In other words, stakeholders inside and outside the organisation would be able to make more informed decisions as a result. Virtue theory  In virtue theory, the emphasis is on deciding what sort of person one should try to be, and to define the virtues such a person would embody. You decide what makes a good person, instead of what makes a good action, and act accordingly. One limitation of this way of thinking is that what constitutes a virtue must be agreed upon, and it can vary by culture and over time. For example, the qualities of good financial reports were once considered to be completeness, historical accuracy, reliability and strict adherence to the legal form in disclosing business transactions. More recently, the qualities of good financial reports have come to be relevance for decision-making, reference to a wider conceptual framework, and presenting the economic substance of business transactions. As an accounting example of the use of virtue theory, in deciding whether to agree to a client’s request to use a questionable method for valuing inventory, an accountant would ask, ‘What would a conscientious accountant do in such a situation? What would one of my respected mentors do? ’ Social contract theory  The social contract theory of ethics advises you to think about ethics as embodying a set of rules agreed upon by reasonable people to bring order to social living. So when making an ethical decision you ask yourself, ‘What rule would reasonable, unbiased people agree to? ’ You then follow such rules, regardless of whether they benefit you in particular situations. One criticism of this theory points out that the agreement referred to by social contract theory is entirely imaginary. Why consider yourself bound by an agreement that never happened? An accounting example of social contract thinking might be seen in a situation where an accountant has to decide between loyalty to a client and candid assessment of financial statements. Both of those options involve important social values. Thinking in social contract terms, the accountant might ask, ‘What sort of rule for balancing these values would unbiased people agree to? ’ Confucian ethics Confucian ethics seeks to provide harmonious relationships within society, the family, and the individual. Looking within yourself and learning from experienced people are seen as the main roads to wisdom and self-harmony. The emphasis on experience leads to respect and reverence for the past, the aged, and for one’s ancestors. One of the criticisms of this model is that in a society where relationships are considered more important than the laws themselves, corruption and nepotism may be tolerated. As an accounting example, in deciding whether to agree to a client’s request to use a questionable method for valuing inventory, an accountant thinking in Confucian terms might consider agreeing to it because doing so would cause harmony with the client. Rules of thumb In addition to scholarly branches of philosophy, some other ways of looking at right and wrong have developed. The golden rule The classic golden rule is to ‘do unto others as you would have them do unto you. ’ In other words, ‘I will not cheat that person because I do not want them to cheat me. ’ The golden rule is a simple and useful tool, but it does have some limitations. We don’t really know how babies or animals want to be treated, for example, so the golden rule can’t tell us much about how to treat them. Also, the whole rule is based on your own feelings of how you yourself would want to be treated. But your own needs and preferences might not be typical. For example, the fact that you personally do not value privacy does not mean that you don’t owe others an obligation to respect their privacy. As an accounting example, this rule of thumb could be applied to mean that you disclose all information that may be relevant in financial reports because, if you were the reader of those financial statements, you would expect to receive all the information, and disregard any that is not relevant to you. Mirror Test Another rule of thumb is the mirror test. This is a quick way to evaluate a decision that you are about to make, and reinforces the notion that you are responsible for your own actions. Imagine you’re looking in a mirror and ask yourself: Is it legal? If it is not legal, dont do it. What will others think? Others meaning a friend, a parent, a spouse, a child, a manager, the media, or someone else whose opinion is particularly important to you. As an accounting example, in deciding whether to agree to a client’s request to use a questionable method for valuing inventory, an accountant thinking in terms of this rule of thumb would consider how a story about this action would look on the front page of the local newspaper. Justice and care based approach What this quiz actually does is help you identify whether you lean towards a justice and rule-based approach or whether you lean towards a care-based approach. The justice and rules-based approach says that the rules should be applied equally to everyone and that justice and fairness are most important. Some researchers have suggested that this is a more masculine approach to the world. The care-based approach says that care, rather than justice, is most important and that we should act responsibly to people in need. Some researchers have suggested that this is a more feminine approach to the world. You can see why this research is controversial, and why you may disagree with the results. However it is interesting to consider whether gender could influence ethical positions. It may also help you when discussing issues with colleagues from other countries. Generally, in North American and European groups, men have been found to have, on average, higher ‘justice’ scores and women have been found to have, on average, higher ‘care’ scores. The significance of these statistical findings is a topic of ongoing debate among scholars. It is important to know how you approach an ethical question, and to recognise that other people may approach it a different way, irrespective of gender.

Comparing Ambiguity in The Turn of the Screw and The Innocents Essay

Ambiguity in The Turn of the Screw and The Innocents    How successfully does the black-and-white film version of The Turn of the Screw, The Innocents (Jack Clayton, 1961), render the ambiguity of James' original text?   Ambiguity, the art of deliberately creating something that can have more than one meaning, lends itself to the written word without difficulty. A written story can involve ambiguity in the characters, plot, narrative - every factor in the story can have to it a sense of uncertainty. However, uncertainty concerning ambiguity is subtly different from uncertainty involving vagueness; the former is a deliberate ploy by the writer to leave interpretation open to the reader's own imagination, whereas the latter comes about due to a lack of detail delivered on the part of the writer, probably due to lack of talent or attention.    With The Turn of the Screw, Henry James crafted an immensely complex and highly ambiguous book - there is nothing vague here; when Jack Clayton decided to make it into a film, he faced an upward struggle. Adapting a book for a film is always beset with difficulties - the written word has the ability to be far more subtle than the projected frame - but capturing the ambiguity of The Turn of the Screw would be immensely difficult. Words do not have to be precise in their meaning but a picture on a cinema screen is just a picture - there is little subtlety or uncertainty. A director has to employ imaginative techniques to make a viewer doubt what he is so evidently seeing. This was especially true in 1961, when The Innocents was produced, a time before sophisticated visual effects came into use.    Almost all of The Turn of the Screw is open to alternate interpretation ... ...e. As with many book-to-žlm adaptions, a desire to change the ending is the žlm's undoing.    In some respects the žlm captures the ambiguity of the original text extremely well - the existence of the ghosts and supporting characters, the involvement of the children - but the more subtle ambiguous parts of the book are lost in the žlm, which is too specižc in places, particularly the ending.    One point that should be taken into consideration is that this essay was written based upon a version of The Innocents that had been cropped to žt a television screen ratio, losing the original widescreen footage. Therefore it was impossible to fully appreciate the director's true vision; consequently, some claims (such as Grose rarely being in the same shot as the governess) may only stand when a third of the picture has been lost.

Amish Clash of Cultures Essay

The Amish in America – Clash of cultures Amish look like they stepped out of the rural 19th Century. Some 200,000 Amish people live in above 20 US states and in the Canadian region of Ontario and also in different parts of the world like Australia. The Amish are the most traditional and religious Old Order groups, people ride horses and buggies rather than cars and have no telephones or electricity in their homes. Amish believe that the community is at the heart of their life and faith, and that the way to salvation is to live as a loving community apart from the world. Witness is a 1985 American thriller film directed by Peter Weir and starring Harrison Ford and Kelly McGillis. The screenplay by William Kelley, Pamela Wallace, and Earl W. Wallace focuses on a detective protecting a young Amish boy who becomes the target of a ruthless killer after he witnesses a murder in Philadelphia. The film is mainly about clashing of two ideologies. These ideologies are those of the Amish, and of the modern English as the Amish ideals are in direct contrast to the American consumerist ideas. The two worlds come together when Book drives Rachel to her father in Eli’s house. There are many scenes that highlight the clash of cultures starting with the first scene in which Samuel and Rachel are in their stock black Amish clothes, at the train station. They stand out since they aren’t wearing bright clothing like everyone else. Costume is an important film technique, as it shows the contrast between Amish and the English. The costume is also clear in the scene in where Book is wearing Amish clothes, which are Rachel’s dead husbands clothes, and Book says, â€Å"How do I look? † and Rachel responds by saying â€Å"You look plain†. This is seen as a compliment, and her accepting him, also him accepting the way of the Amish. A key scene where book gives back the gun to Rachel after taking it from her shows the clash of the cultures and book trying to fit in with the Amish. This scene is important since book is trying to accept the Amish culture. It is further shown in the diner scene, where Samuel and Rachel are wearing their plain clothes, and doing grace in the city. Sam and Rachel stare at book as he eats his food without saying grace furthermore he is the man so he should say it. Book is not used to these morals so this shows the culture clash between them. The scene ends by Rachel saying grace then eating their food. Another key scene is the scene in which Eli, Rachel, Samuel and also Book are sitting on the dinner table in Amish land, Book picks up his cup of coffee takes a sip and says â€Å"honey that’s great coffee† they all gaze at him and he then says â€Å"it’s a joke.. on television†. He realizes that they don’t watch TV and there you can see the culture clash. The scenes where the car is in the farm shows the culture clash between the English and the Amish since they don’t use cars or any technology. Also the part when Rachel is dancing with Book in the barn since she is not allowed to dance with strangers or use the technology. A major scene is the tourist scene in this Book witness’s one of the Amish people getting picked on by the tourists in which he gets ice-cream put all over his face. Eli who is sitting beside Book in a different buggy then the other Amish says â€Å"this is not our way† Book replies â€Å"but it is my way†. Book gets out and beats up the tourist. This scene demonstrates the clash of cultures. The biggest issue that highlights the clash of cultures is the relationship between Rachel Lapp and John Book. They are very different people. Rachel refuses to accept the violence that now surrounds her because of the murder and Book, and she blames Book, saying â€Å"I just don’t like my son spending all this time with a man who carries a gun and goes around whacking people†. Their relationship develops through the movie, and she is torn between her feelings for Book, who is dangerous, and different to what she is used to, and her responsibility to the Amish rules, her family and the church.

Direct Marketing-Facebook Essay

1a) Facebook generates a revenue of 2 billion dollars a year, yes it is free for user to join but that is where they generate there money from. With over 750 million active users Facebook make the majority of their money through advertising. The ads that appear on the right border of the screen. They gather all the information about you and accordingly they let the advertisement that they think you would be interested in appear for you on the screen, more like a tailor-made advertisement. Another way of making money is selling information on users the same way of Google, Google has planned to sell their information but Facebook did not. b) some of the very important features on social networking are User-centric interface for example Facebook’s front page is exemplary for an egocentric user interface. It provides detailed information about updates and notifications of a user and also provides a one-click-interface that makes it easy to update the current status, hide information provided by friends and it updates you about people a user may know or groups or conversations that the user may be interested in. Real time updates, One of the reasons why micro-blogging services have managed to take off over the last years, was their ability to bring the new, â€Å"real-time† dimension to the social interaction on the Web. Different from instant messaging where users were mostly focused on the two-way-conversations, Twitter & Co. delivered many-ways-conversations to the Web. Simple and Usable Forms, Web forms are probably the most important design element for social media and networking sites. Forms and inputs are used in everything from sign-up to search, log-in, replying to a post or adding some other content. Since forms are extremely important, they must be usable. 2) I would defiantly agree to start the loyalty card in my hypermarket. One of the most revenue generating businesses is the super and hypermarkets. I wouldn’t look a lot about the competition the main important thing if I do own a hyper market would be the location of my store, unless I have a good name like Lulu  or Union Coop I wouldn’t open my hyper market next to well known retail hyper market. Every store has its loyal customers, the people who live close to my store will prefer to come to mine than to go somewhere far to buy there needs, people now days tend to look for the easy way, so having a loyalty card is very beneficial for me and would make my customers comfortable and think that out of what they pay they can get something back even if its minor with this loyalty card. I believe that it would be a success because every retail store has got its own loyal customers and for those I can have loyalty cards which will help in keeping them as my customers and not think of going to any of my competitors. 3) it is a part of direct marketing, in-bound and out-bound idea has came up to improve relation ship with customer and try to help in making things easier for them. For example and in-bound call is when a customer calls in it can be an employee that answers â€Å"call center† and the customer gets the chance to ask anything he wants related to that firm can be a product that hes not happy with etc in this case of ADCB it is on call banking so he can ask to debit an amount onto another account or clear a doubt that he had etc. this would let the customer be more comfortable working with this bank and not forgetting how easy it is. Not having to go all the way to the bank branch in order to finish a transaction where you can just get it done in a call. And the better the employees of the call center are with the customers the stronger the relation ship gets between the bank and its customers.

The 4 Graph Quadrants Definition and Examples

The 4 Graph Quadrants Definition and Examples SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The Cartesian plane (or the x-y plane) is a two-line graph on which you plot ordered pairs. The two intersecting lines of the Cartesian plane make four distinct graph quadrants. In this article, we’ll discuss what graph quadrants are, how to manipulate data points on graph quadrants, and walk through some sample graph quadrant problems. What Are the4 Graph Quadrants? The two lines on the Cartesian plane form four graph quadrants. In this section, we’ll discuss the graph quadrant definition and define each part of the plane. Quadrant Definition A quadrant is one of the four sections on a Cartesian plane. Each quadrant includes a combination of positive and negative values for x and y. The4 Graph Quadrants There are four graph quadrants that make up the Cartesian plane. Each graph quadrant has a distinct combination of positive and negative values. Here are the graph quadrants and their values: Quadrant I: The first quadrant is in the upper right-hand corner of the plane. Both x and y have positive values in this quadrant. Quadrant II: The second quadrant is in the upper left-hand corner of the plane. X has negative values in this quadrant and y has positive values. Quadrant III: The third quadrant is in the bottom left corner. Both x and y have negative values in this quadrant. Quadrant IV: The fourth quadrant is in the bottom right corner. X has positive values in this quadrant and y has negative values. Graph Quadrants Diagram In this diagram, you can see the four graph quadrants, along with whether or not x and y are positive and negative. Graph Quadrant Numbers, Explained Numbers are plotted on graph quadrants in what are known as ordered pairs. An ordered pair consists of two values, x and y. In an ordered pair, x is always the first value and y is always the second value. In the ordered pair (5, -2) for instance, 5 is the x value and -2 is the y value. When plotting an ordered pair, the x value refers to the pair’s horizontal position on the graph. The y value refers to the vertical position. See how the pair (5, -2) looks when plotted. Graph Quadrants Example Problems Using the following graph quadrant diagram, identify the quadrants for the following ordered pairs. Ordered Pair Quadrant (-9, 11) (4, 8) (-3, -4) Graph Quadrants Example Problems: Answers Find the answers for the above graph quadrants example problems below. Ordered Pair Quadrant (-9, 11) II (4, 8) I (-3, -4) III Math Quadrants: Key Takeaways A math quadrant is another phrase for a graph quadrant. A graph quadrant is one of four sections on a Cartesian plane. Each of the four sections has a specific combination of negative and positive values for x and y. You plot an ordered pair on graph quadrants. Ordered pairs have x and y values. X is the first value in an ordered pair; y is the second. What's Next? Want to brush up on other basic math skills?Then check out our expert guides on how toadd and subtract fractionsand how to use the acceleration formula. Need help preparing for the SAT/ACT Math section?Learn everything you need to know aboutwhat kinds of topics are tested on SAT MathandACT Math.

Genius

Genius Genius Genius By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked for a post on the word genius, commenting, Its part of the word engineering but, in French, engineering is genie, which I associate with Aladdins lamp. Then, there is the genius spirit that ancient Romans associated with places. This comment offers much to address. I’ll begin with the Latin origin of the word. In classical religious belief, every human being was allotted a personal spirit at birth. This guiding spirit was called a genius, plural, genii. The role of the genius was to govern a person’s fortunes, determine his character, and to conduct him out of the world at death. The Latin word comes from a Greek verb meaning â€Å"to be born, to come into being.† This quotation from the OED show the word used in the sense of â€Å"guardian spirit†: Let their Guardian Genii still be watchful. N. Rowe Ambitious Step-mother. In addition to the kind of genii assigned to individual human beings, there was the genius loci, â€Å"genius of the place.† This spirit presided over a particular place: Watchd by the Genius of this Royal place. Dryden To Dr. Charleton in W. Charleton Chorea Gigantum. The â€Å"emperor worship† that the early Christians objected to involved burning a bit of incense not to the emperor, but to the emperor’s genius: Christianswho would die rather than fling into the altar-flame a pinch of incense to the Genius of the Emperors. F. W. Farrar Witness of Hist.   Ã‚   Genius in the sense of a guiding spirit is applied to abstract nouns and to periods of history. One may speak of â€Å"the genius of Democracy† and â€Å"the Genius of the Age.† Nowadays the word genius is often replaced by the word spirit. We’ve all seen cartoons showing a character being tempted: on one shoulder sits a little angel trying to restrain him, while on the other, a little red devil eggs him on. This depiction reflects the idea that people have not one, but two guiding genii: (a persons) good, evil genius: the two mutually opposed spirits (in Christian language angels) by whom every person was supposed to be attended throughout his life. Hence applied to a person who powerfully influences for good or evil the character, conduct, or fortunes of another. Genie and genii came to be used for demons or spiritual beings in general. Arabic jinn, the word for a class of spirits that may be good or evil, came to be spelled genii in English; singular genie became the word for one of these spirits, for example, one that might be imprisoned in a bottle. The use of genius as adjective meaning â€Å"intellectually superior† and a noun meaning â€Å"an intellectually superior person† developed in the 18th century as art critics began using genius to describe â€Å"native endowment† contrasted with â€Å"aptitudes that can be acquired by study.† This question on a homework site illustrates how this use of genius has obscured the word’s earlier meanings: If Hitler killed so many people, why is he called a genius? The youngster asking this question has no doubt seen Hitler referred to as â€Å"an evil genius† by someone who did not understand the meaning of the term. The answer given to the student’s question reflects the same confusion: You can say Hitler was a genius because he was so good at manipulating people.   He was able to get people to go along with his ideas even when they seemed to be completely crazy.  Because he was able to do this, you would have to say he was a genius.   Sadly, he used his great talents for one of the most evil goals ever. Hitler might be seen as the evil genius who influenced German doctors and prison camp directors to do abominable things, but labeling him â€Å"an evil genius† without reference to another person or persons is meaningless. The term â€Å"evil genius† refers to any personof whatever degree of intellectwho influences another person to do evil: The evil genius of the second half of Hitlers career was Goebbels. Ernst Hanfstaengel, Hitler: The Missing Years (1957). Finally, gà ©nie is the French word for engineering, but not because it has anything to do with the word genius. French gà ©nie means the same things that English genius does. The fact that the French word for engineering is also spelled gà ©nie is a coincidence: it’s a homonym derived from Middle French engigneour, â€Å"person who designs and constructs military works for attack and defense.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One Spelling50 Idioms About Fruits and VegetablesUlterior and Alterior

The Immigration Act of 1924 may or may not have been successful, but Essay

The Immigration Act of 1924 may or may not have been successful, but if nothing else, it created the illusion of success. Discus - Essay Example Section 11(a) of the aforementioned law states that, "The annual quota of any nationality shall be two per centum of the number of foreign-born individuals of such nationality resident in continental United States as determined by the United States Census of 1890, but the minimum quota of any nationality shall be 100†. However, the law does not just stop from the restrictive quota, it also made a sweeping ban against Asians from entering the United States with the exception of the Filipino and Japanese citizens. With the implementation of the Immigration Act of 1924, immigrants from Eastern European counties saw a drastic decrease in number while there was not much effect to the Northern and Western European immigrants. As a result the law unintentionally created a divide which implies that the people from Eastern Europe were inferior and disfavored as compared with the rest of the continent. Likewise, the law also created the same divide in Asia because of the imposition of th e Asiatic barred zone, which in simple terms, banned all citizens of Asian countries from entering the US pursuant to a provision in Section 11(d) of the law which excludes  Ã¢â‚¬Å"aliens ineligible to citizenship or their descendants†. ... The violation resulted in tension and strained relations between Japan and the US in the 1920s. The only exception was the citizens of the Philippines, a US colony. However, this privilege was only short-lived because in 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed into law which declared the Philippines as an independent and sovereign state effective July 4, 1946 but removed the Filipino people’s status as US nationals effective immediately. With its status as an independent state, the Philippines was given an immigration quota of only 50 immigrant visas per year. But then again, when World War II erupted, the US armed forces needed personnel so they reclassified the Filipinos as US nationals and enlisted them into the US army. Taken altogether, the Immigration Act created a big impact on the movement of people towards America. Apparently, in the years that followed, immigration statistics look very different from its earlier data. After 1924, there was a drastic decrease if not total elimination of immigrants from the barred Asian countries as well as the Eastern European states. In contrast, the ratio of Northern and Western Europeans vis-a-vis the total number of immigrants for each year dramatically increased because their competitions were literally stifled. If we evaluate the Immigration Act of 1924 within its own context and in terms of its declared purpose, which is â€Å"To limit the immigration of aliens into the United States,† then I would say that the law has been successful. However, it has also been successful in creating a common resentment among the citizens of the excluded countries who also want their share of milk and honey. In essence, the law had successfully created a selective and discriminatory process on who can

The Impact of Political Change in Central and Eastern Europe Since Essay

The Impact of Political Change in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989 - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that comes from a background of massive shortages in almost all fronts, including the very basic human freedoms, guided by the communist principles, the momentous series of events of the post-1989 East and Central Europe was essentially apolitical and not the harbingers of ideological innovations.The present research has identified that driven in part by the comparative aspects of the prosperous, Capitalist West to rather in-control communist institutions forcefully planted right after the WWII by Stalin himself, the experiences of the post-1989 East-Central Europe were but rectifying revolutions aimed to connect up constitutionalism with the just political systems associated with capitalism. According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that though crisis symptoms were visible in all spheres of public life across countries in the sub-regions mentioned as well as in their relations among themselves and the west, the road to democracy and to freer market economies was, however, not to be easy; for the â€Å"Iron   Curtain† created   as a result of the Soviet   Union’s   share   of   victory   in   the   World   War   II had great impact over neighboring East and central European countries, dividing it into two halves: the East and the West, thus the origins of the Cold War.  

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Annotated Bibliography Example Most of the authors reviewed agree that enough adequate research has not been carried out to understand post traumatic stress disorder and its symptoms. Some articles brought up controversial issue by making an assertion that the rates suicide among militants is higher than that of the general public. They have differed on the most common symptom observed from PTSD sufferers. The articles are helpful when carrying out literature review on symptoms and treatment of PTSD. Most of the articles reviewed making reference to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 4th Edition Text Revision as a valuable reference for understanding the symptoms of PTSD. This is critical when carrying literature review since they can act as a guide in choosing materials for the review. Bryan, C., & Anestis, M. (2011). Reexperiencing symptoms and the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among deployed service members evaluated for traumatic brain injury. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 67(9), 856-865. Finley, E., Baker, M., Pugh, M., & Peterson, A. (2010). Patterns and Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence Committed by Returning Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal Of Family Violence, 25(8), 737-743. doi:10.1007/s10896-010-9331-7 Gibbons, S. W., Hickling, E. J., & Watts, D. (2012). Combat stressors and post-traumatic stress in deployed military healthcare professionals: an integrative review. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 68(1), 3-21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05708.x Herzog, J., Everson, R. R., & Whitworth, J. (2011). Do Secondary Trauma Symptoms in Spouses of Combat-Exposed National Guard Soldiers Mediate Impacts of Soldiers Trauma Exposure on Their Children? Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28(6), 459-473. doi:10.1007/s10560-011-0243-z Polusny, M., Erbes, C., Murdoch, M., Arbisi, P., Thuras, P., & Rath, M. (2011). Prospective risk factors for new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder in National Guard soldiers deployed to

Consider knowledge issues Essay Example for Free

Consider knowledge issues Essay â€Å"That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow.† Consider knowledge issues raised by this statement in two areas of knowledge. Nowadays, due to for example technological development, every day can bring us a new knowledge. Something that yesterday was unthinkable, today turned into reality. Does that work in the opposite way? Does knowledge from hundreds of years ago is still considered as truth? Does knowledge have a period of validity? I found it very interesting considering the fact that most people believe in everything what famous scientists say. They are learning things, which are written in books or newspapers and they consider it as truth. But how do we know that something is truth? There are various of theories which are created every day and overturned after few days or even hours. While thinking about all knowledge theories, one question is coming to our mind, how do we know that previously accepted knowledge is timeless, and when it is accountable to be inverted as new thinking emerges? On those questions I will try to answer in my essay. To accurately answer the question posed in the task, areas of knowledge to which I am going to relate my work are history and human sciences. Technological development which was mentioned before allowed us to verify whether created theories are true or false. Theories from which we obtains our knowledge are changing constantly. Some of them could be overturned after they were assessed as unreliable. Such assessment can be done due to development which we already obtained. However, technology can also be used to improve the reliability of such knowledge. As an example of such theory I will use biological cell theory. In 1590, Hans and Zacharias Janssen invented a microscope under which in 1665 Robert Hooke firstly discovered cells, the basic units of structure and function of all living organisms. There was not many informations about this new discover. For years, scientists have expanded their knowledge about cells and they are doing it even now. Thanks to technology, now we know almost everything about cells. How they replicate, what they contain inside of them. The theory has been improved so this is still considered as reliable knowledge. Another example of improvement in sources of knowledge could be found in physics. In ancient Greece, Democritus discovered the smallest unit of matter atom. Due to  many various experiments performed till now, theory about atom has changed many times and it is still not over. Scientists are always looking for new informations, therefore they are collecting new knowledge. From this knowledge new theories are created and then, by new technologies those are considered as true or false or improved. Another example of knowledge which was discarded after a long time is psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a method of understanding and treatment of human psychology and the theory allows to explain the different social and cultural phenomena. It was begun in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century by the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud. For many years, psychoanalysis was considered as the best method of treatment of mental disorders based on assumptions psychoanalytic theory. It assumes that the primary cause of the symptoms is unconscious memory, which involves strong emotions, resulting in a traumatic situation. Goal of psychoanalysis as a therapeutic method is to restore the consciousness of those memories. Critics of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory argue that it cannot be verified experimentally, so it cannot be classified as science, but only to literature, pseudoscience or para-science. In addition, many authors believe that Freud in many places falsify his observ ations to confirm his theory. Karl Popper took example of psychoanalysis as a theory unfalsifiable, and therefore unscientific. Unfalsifiable of psychoanalysis can be represented by the following example. A person smokes a cigar. Psychoanalysis claims that in this way this person satisfies his oral needs. If this person confirms, it would constitute proof of the veracity of the claims of psychoanalysis. If, however, deny that the reasons for the denial of that to be found in ignorance and denial. Thus, it also confirms the truth of the claims of psychoanalysis. Except Freud, there are many other psychoanalysts. As an example I will use Alfred Adler. Alfred Adler was an Austrian medical doctor and psychotherapist who found school of individual psychology. Different case in point how knowledge can be discarded we can find in case of penicillin. It was the first antibiotic found in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. Firstly, it was considered as the best known to humanity treatment for almost all the diseases. The mechanism of action of penicillin as  antibiotics by blocking the activity of bacterial enzymes. It lend a hand to a lot of people with their diseases and sufferings and it brought a great success to scientists which found it. They even got the Nobel Prize in 1945 for inventing penicillin. However, after a few years when penicillin was on the market, many people started to complain on side effects of penicillin. It turned out that a lot of them are allergic to penicillin and therefore they have huge problems with their health. Some people even had anaphylactic shock after first dose. Moreover, users of penicillin were complaining from fever, chilling, profuse sweating, cyanosis or hypotension. These facts have rejected the recogniti on of penicillin as the best antibiotic and therefore knowledge that penicillin is the best antibiotic was discarded. Nowadays due to technology we have much better kinds of antibiotics. Many of them are antiallergic and therefore may be used by all people suffering from different diseases. Except science, knowledge changes also on historical ground. It mainly refer to revisionist historians. History we learn is changing all the time, as revisionist historians change things so as to fit the truths more likely than it is. As it is known, history is always incomplete. There are many facts about we do not have a clue or we dont know why something happened. Thanks to revisionist historians, old theories are in fact changed into the new ones, which are considered as better and therefore more accurate truth of the world is created. In this case, old theories are not discarded, but evolved to adjust to the flow of time and new informations possessed. Therefore, theories created by earlier generations are accepted but changed in future to fit the truth more likely. This brings us to consensus that even though a few years ago something was considered by historians as truth, today due to technology and revisionist historians it may be considered as totally different. As we can see, nothing stays forever on our planet. Everyday everything changes, new knowledge is discovered and new theories are created. World is constantly evolving and brings us new technology by which we can discover new informations and therefore knowledge. Psychoanalysis, discover of penicillin, cell theory, revisionist historians and discover of atom are all  an examples of how can knowledge change due to the passage of time and technology development. Taking this into consideration, the statement mentioned in the subject That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow. perfectly represents the idea and speed of development of modern world. Even though today we think that something is true and different theory is unacceptable, in few years or centuries it could be discarded or evolved into the new theory.

Why Educate? :: Essays Papers

Why Educate? As I ponder what my educational philosophy is, and what I hope it will become, I find it necessary to consider why we educate our children in the first place, and why we finance countless public school systems with local tax dollars and federal funds only to hear over and over that schools are failing, our teachers are inadequate, and our students unprepared for life. The majority of high school graduates can read. They can perform basic arithmetic. They know some literature, history, and civics. They are more computer literate than ever before, yet the U.S. Department of Education's National Commission on Excellence in Education concludes in â€Å"A Nation at Risk:† If an unfriendly power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war. As it stands, we have allowed this to happen to ourselves. We have even squandered the gains in achievement made in the wake of the Sputnik challenge. Moreover, we have dismantled essential support systems which helped make those gains possible. We have, in effect, been committing an act of unthinking, unilateral educational disarmament" (NCREL 2002). This â€Å"educational disarmament† is really a failure to produce students that are truly competitive in the world marketplace, a failure to make the same technological advances as other industrialized nations. Joel Spring, in The American School (1997), asserts that beginning with the founding of the common school in the nineteenth century, education has been seen as a way of â€Å"ending poverty, providing equality of opportunity, [and] an increasing national wealth† (6). It is the â€Å"increasing national wealth† that students are tested on now, and found lacking. According to Sebastian de Assis, author of Teachers of the World, Unite! (2000), it was during the Industrial Revolution that â€Å"mathematics, sciences, technical and vocational education became pivotal to the sustenance of the new economic order† in the United States (p. 24). Students have become just another part of the great machinery that is America. Either they contribute and m ake the country, and themselves, richer, or they are failures, who have, in turn, been failed by an educational system that did not teach them how to grow rich or help the nation grow rich. Like de Assis (2000), I find the commoditization of students to be more than a little disturbing.

Why Childcare is Good for Children

Charndrea Johnson Composition Instructor:   Linda  O'Connor Week 12: Individual work Introduction This Essay I choose is basically to tell you why you should choose childcare for your child and why it’s good for children. Also why I approve of my child being in one. Choosing an appropriate childcare for your young children seems very overwhelming. But as a parent it’s your responsibility to ensure that your children are safe and happy in a childcare that is fun, educational, and nurturing all at the same time, so that you know your child is comfortable in their environment.Whether it’s an in-home, center based daycare or preschool. And you should also know your children’s temperament, which are their likes, dislikes, health, interests, and behavior. Yes they might give you a hard time the first few times you drop them off but once they get use to their care taker they are going to be comfortable around them. I choose my topic to be about child care, be cause I feel that it could be good for any child but I do and don’t like some parts of child care.For instance I would prefer for my child to be in a facility where they are active with other children, learn educational material that can prepare them in the long run. Not sitting in someone’s home watching TV, playing, and taking naps. That more like you’re paying a teenager to babysit your child while you’re at work not somewhere professional. But I approve of an exalt professional child care where you know your child is safe and happy. Not somewhere where you are having second thoughts about putting your child.The child care where my child go I love it, because I know that while she is there she’s safe and happy playing with children her age and learn real educational material not just sitting on a couch watching cartoons. In many important ways, our preschool years determine our future competitive role in the global economy, the public safety of our communities, the cost-effective investment of public and private dollars, and the success of welfare reform. When child care becomes necessary for families; quality child care becomes critical for children.If done well, child care benefits us all. The economic structure of society has significantly influenced how families care for their children. Because women are usually the primary caregivers, the nature of their work roles has an important effect on childcare. In some societies, mothers as well as fathers can provide childcare, food, clothing, and shelter for their families through work located in or near the family home. In other situations, men are employed away from home and the daily care of children becomes the primary responsibility of women (Carnoy 2000).Some women work only before marriage, before children are born, or after children are mature enough to care for themselves. However, for a variety of personal and economic reasons, including single parenthood, many mot hers with young children today work outside the home and can no longer fill the traditional responsibilities of home and childcare. Because children's early experiences and relationships with caregivers have a significant influence on their future development and achievements, the quality of their care is an important concern for all.And this is why I choose the topic about childcare, because I feel every child should have a chance at on early education in childcare. And not just sitting at home looking at their parents or watching cartoons all day. And the good thing about it is that you can get a break from your children and they can also get a break from you. And yes they have help for you if you can’t afford to pay the full amount of childcare in certain states. I don’t know about every state but I know you can get help with childcare if you’re in school, working or both.But childcare is good for both the child and the parent, so this is why I feel you shoul d choose childcare. Reference Textbook Roen, D. , Glau, G. , Maid, B. (2010). The McGraw-Hill guide: Writing for college, writing for life (2nd Ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. Why choose childcare http://family. jrank. org/pages/220/Childcare-Why-Childcare-Important. html choosing childcare http://kidshealth. org/parent/positive/family/child_care. html DCF http://www. dcf. state. fl. us/programs/childcare/ ELC www. elcalachua. org/

Italian Migrants to Australia

History Assignment- Extended Response Describe the experiences of the Italian migrants from their arrival after WW2, through to the multicultural period in the 1970s The experiences of the Italian Migrants have changed from the time of their arrival after WW2 to the present day. The Italian migrants were forced to leave Italy after the war due to the fact that many of them were displaced as a result of sheer destruction that some areas had undergone. What was once a home, was now no more than a pile of rubbish.Also, with many loved ones dead, leaving and making a new start was very tempting. When they first arrived in Australia, the Italians experienced considerable cultural shock. They found that Australia was insensitive to their culture and traditions and therefore expected them to change. The Italians were mainly like the â€Å"black sheep† of the population. The feud between the Italian migrants and the Australians got to a point were the Italians had to go out in groups in fear for their own safety. It also appeared that the Australian government was not well prepared to accept them.However, after their work on the Snowy Mountains Scheme and other enterprises, life changed for the better. The Italians overcame the resentment and social isolation to achieve a better future for themselves and their children. Australia was a country for white people. The migrants had to be white and from the British Isles of English speaking parts of the empire. However, after the bombing attack, Australia realised that their population was not big enough to defend itself and therefore, they must â€Å"Populate or perish†. Immigration was the only answer.On the border of Australia, the Italians had to pass a medical examination and if they passed they were allowed to live in Australia. If not, they were sent back. However, by this time Australia was 99%(most of the population being british) white, and the Australian public wanted to keep it that way. The Austra lian population reacted badly to the Italians and the minister was attacked by vicious criticism. When the Italians arrived in Australia, they were confronted with new and unfamiliar things, and were expected to change to match the â€Å"Australian way†.This was known as the policy of assimilation; think white act white. The Italians were allowed to migrate to Australia only if they left all their customs and traditions behind and lived the Australian way. Shortly after this was replaced by the policy of Integration. This policy allowed the Italians to practice their traditions and culture in the privacy of their own home, but still had to act Australian in public. Culturally based organisations were formed to help provide welfare and support for migrants.When the Italian migrants began to look for work, they had to travel to find jobs. The Italian Prisoners of War were barely seen as a danger and often worked on farms without guards. Most of the early Italian migrants were u nskilled and came from the poorer parts of Italy. Even those who did have skills, their qualifications were not recognised in Australia. As a result the Italians were forced to do tough, labouring work. One of the huge employment schemes such as the ‘Snowy Mountain Scheme’ contributed greatly to the multiculturalism of Australia.The work was hard and the conditions were tough however the Italians were attracted by the relatively high wages. Due to ninety-eight percent of the project being underground, there was a lot of tunneling, often through solid granite rock. Work conditions in the tunnels were dirty, wet, noisy, smelly and sometimes dangerous. More than 120 workers died in the projects twenty-five year period. Even though work was difficult and sometimes dangerous, it developed, on its workers, a sense of community and companionship. The ‘Snowy Mountains Scheme’ was the first real experience of multiculturalism in Australia.It gave the chance for peop le from many countries around the world to communicate, accept and understand the culture and background of others without judging. It also encouraged all these people to work together as a team and put aside all their differences as there was no room for racial prejudice. Multiculturalism accepts the notion that Australia is a nation of many different cultures but that, as Australians, we all live together as one people. The policy of multiculturalism was introduced by the 21st Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam.The Whitlam government keenly supported multiculturalism. Grants were made to ethnic organisations to promote their culture. Legislation was introduced to end discrimination and it was now illegal to discriminate people on the basis of their racial background. Some Australians did not want to see the British culture be diluted by other cultures. They had a fear of ‘invasion’ and that the Italians would take jobs from existing Australians. However, a maj ority of Australians were open minded to the new policy and began to look at the Italians form another perspective.Overall the experiences of the Italian migrants when they first arrived in Australia were difficult. They felt very much out of place and little was done to help them. They were not part of the Australian community. However their involvement in areas like the Snowy Mountains Scheme played an important part in helping the Italians because it gave them a decent wage, and also because it allowed them to work and bond alongside people of other races which made them work as a community and helped racism to greatly minimise. Italians nowadays have had a great impact on Australia.Italian migrants have made an enormous contribution to cultural and economical life. They introduced new foods and ingredients and their restaurants continue to be very popular. Their music is continued to be enjoyed by many Australians. Their contribution to building and construction is crucial. The italian migrants have made an economical effect on Australia by creating employment be opening large and small businesses. Also, they have had a large contribution in incorporating Italian teachings into the school curriculum.

Free Essays on Abuse Or Neglect

Abuse or Neglect When most people think of child maltreatment, they usually think of one general category concerning any type of harm inflicted upon a child. What most people do not realize is there is a second category known as child neglect. Child neglect happens to be the most common form of child maltreatment, and sometimes the most overlooked. Child abuse and child neglect both share some common traits. Both categories are punishable by law, carrying heavy penalties in court. They each cause developmental issues physically, socially, and emotionally. Also, child abuse and child neglect are equally detrimental and could cause the death of a child. Child abuse and child neglect, even with their similarities, have very different definitions and characteristics. Child abuse is any intended or actual harm done to a child by the parent or primary caregiver. A child being physically, sexually, or emotionally abused would fall under the category of child abuse. Child neglect is the parent or primary caregiver denying a child his or her basic needs. Abandoning a child or failing to provide adequate food, shelter, or clothing is child neglect. Even failing to provide educational and health services for a child would be considered child neglect. Child abuse and child neglect, however similar, are two different forms of child maltreatment. They each deserve their own category to make it easier to recognize, define, and judge the exact extent of wrong done to a child.... Free Essays on Abuse Or Neglect Free Essays on Abuse Or Neglect Abuse or Neglect When most people think of child maltreatment, they usually think of one general category concerning any type of harm inflicted upon a child. What most people do not realize is there is a second category known as child neglect. Child neglect happens to be the most common form of child maltreatment, and sometimes the most overlooked. Child abuse and child neglect both share some common traits. Both categories are punishable by law, carrying heavy penalties in court. They each cause developmental issues physically, socially, and emotionally. Also, child abuse and child neglect are equally detrimental and could cause the death of a child. Child abuse and child neglect, even with their similarities, have very different definitions and characteristics. Child abuse is any intended or actual harm done to a child by the parent or primary caregiver. A child being physically, sexually, or emotionally abused would fall under the category of child abuse. Child neglect is the parent or primary caregiver denying a child his or her basic needs. Abandoning a child or failing to provide adequate food, shelter, or clothing is child neglect. Even failing to provide educational and health services for a child would be considered child neglect. Child abuse and child neglect, however similar, are two different forms of child maltreatment. They each deserve their own category to make it easier to recognize, define, and judge the exact extent of wrong done to a child....

Assess the use of cognitive counselling approach to help the client through the process of change and cope with depression. The WritePass Journal

Assess the use of cognitive counselling approach to help the client through the process of change and cope with depression. Introduction Assess the use of cognitive counselling approach to help the client through the process of change and cope with depression. IntroductionIn conclusionREFERENCES  BIBLIOGRAPHYRelated Introduction This essay will assess the use of cognitive counselling approach to help the client through the process of change and cope with depression. Joan is 28 years old woman, suffering from depression; the Gp referred her to the counsellor who will help her to overcome it. Due to the nature of the problem, Cognitive behavioural therapy can be used to treat Joans depression condition. This therapy is an effective approach that is used for helping people to change their behaviour, thoughts and feelings. NICE 2009 illustrated that depression is a common mental health problem and it affects nearly 1 in 6 in the United Kingdom. The main signs of depression are losing interest in the normal activities as well as isolating from other people. A person suffering from depression might experience sadness feeling, crying, irritable or feeling exhausted, feeling low, blaming and feeling unworthy to live, changes in appetite and having sleepless night and the person might experience poor memory and concentration. For these reasons, the person can become critical and holding negative thoughts about himself or herself. These feelings can lead to suicide or harm. Cognitive therapy is simply a kind of psychotherapy that was created by Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis. This therapy is believed to alter unrealistic views and the way of thinking psychologists’ use cognitive therapy approach to view psychological problems for instance, depression develops from different areas of life experience. Beck discovered that cognitive therapy was an efficient intervention for treating depression. Cognitive therapy assists clients to feel better, to be aware of their feelings and to battle with their negative thoughts and perceptions (Beck, 1995; Beck, 2005). Behavioural therapy was originated from classical learning theories which come from the work of Ivan Pavlov -respondent conditioning, John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner- operant conditioning. Behavioural therapy helps the person to tackle the problems by behaving positively. For instance the person who has fear of a dog, the therapist usually helps the person by spending more time on the situation in order to make the person feels comfortable in this particular situation (Masters. et. al, 1987). Therefore cognitive behavioural therapy adds both the two techniques and normally it is performed in a structured environment with the main objective of overcoming the specific problem. A person requires doing tasks within sessions, for example using a diary to record events and finally the person learns to become his or her own therapist (Freman.et.al). In Joans case as a depressive person, the diary can be used to monitor the mood and activities as this would be useful and helpful for both the counsellor and Joan to obtain more objective view of the problem and assess possible causes and changes of symptoms during the day or week (Foreman et.al. 2009). Cognitive behavioural therapy is cheap and also a short term treatment with long lasting outcomes. It is a proficient treatment for many psychiatric conditions. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) suggested that   Cognitive behavioural therapy has a reputation in treating diverse problems such as relationship problems, emotional problems, stress, schizophrenia, fear, phobia and eating disorders, anxiety, depression. Several controlled trials have shown its positive outcome (www.nice.org.uk/CG91publicinfo). According to the therapeutic research, the duration of cognitive therapy is offered for 10-20 sessions. But The National Institute of mental health study on depression indicated that   16-20 sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy are not enough for most patients to overcome depression . A study in British Medical Journal in 2002, reported that people with severe depression received treatment from their general practitioners which included behavioural and educational self help materials. In November 2007,the government decided to spend  £170 million as a strategy to better psychotherapy service program and to make it more viable especially for patients with depression and anxiety. Most of them cannot afford to pay private therapists and also they have to be on the waiting lists (rcpsych.ac.uk/default.aspx). Counsellor needs to work within the British Association Code of Practice which are values, principles and personal moral qualities (bacp.co.uk/ethical_framework/. Actually these are similar to Rogerian three core conditions, empathy, non-judgement, warmth and genuiness (Sanders, 2002). Cognitive behavioural therapy needs counsellors who have experience and knowledge on how to perform interview with the patients. As (Sanders, 2002) pointed out depressive people need help, support and encouragement. Cognitive behavioural therapy usually encourages a patient to talk freely about whatever comes in his/ her mind because sometimes the patient can turn up without being prepared or planned on what to talk about (Foreman, et. Al., 2009) The counsellor should totally address the confidentiality issues with the client to make him or her feel secure in advance before the session starts (Sanders, 2002) During the session, for example looking at Joan as a depressive person she will be required to learn and practice specific strategies in every session and she will have an assignment to do such as recording events in the diary and bringing the result to the next session. The aim of this is to improve her present condition. Although this needs a lot efforts for a person who is feeling depressed. Therefore, the counsellor plays a big part and becomes very important in engaging Joan in the therapy. This can be achieved when Joan realises that the counsellor understands her situation and empathise with her feelings and able to proffer solutions to her problem (Hough,2006) Rogerian interviewing techniques are very helpful in creating good environment in therapeutic. The interviewing techniques involve paraphrasing, reflection of feelings, and summarising (Hough, 2006) Paraphrasing include repeating what the patient spoke, the counsellor supposes to use his or her own words. This indicates that the counsellors has understood accurately and reassure the client that the counsellor has been concentrating and obtaining the key message. In this point if the counsellors misinterpret the clients key points, then the client can rectify the counsellors fault (Sutton Williams). Reflection of feelings entails the statements; the counsellor usually expands the clients factual feeling and elaborates in his or her own words. This way again indicates that the counsellor has been listening accurately and identifies clients emotional state. Actually, in this section, the counsellor will be informing the client that they are emphasising together. Furthermore at this stage, the counsellor also shows his emotional reaction towards the story (Sutton Williams). Summarising is carried out throughout the session; it includes gathering and breaking down the final few moments of the discussion. As a result, this would help the client to see and understand the situation more effectively (Sutton Williams, 2002) Above all, the counsellor has to ensure that during this time in dealing with a depressive client, there should be some boundaries. Joan can feel helpless and aimless with the situation; this does not mean that the counsellor should step back. The counsellor must make sure that he is not too carried away with the clients emotions as he needs to be strong before the client and find possible way of uplifting the client (Sutton Williams, 2002). In counselling session, active listening skills are regarded as the main vessel in communicating with the client. To break the communication barrier, the counsellor needs to consider listening effectively to his clients verbal means of communication as well as understanding the non-verbal means of communication. Suppose, in Joans depressive condition, the counsellor must be able to identify and work on the clues such as negative statements that need contradiction and short phrases (Egan, 1998). However asking questions sometimes can be problematic in counselling as it reflects on external rather than internal reference. The method of asking questions enables the counsellor to get facts for their own use instead of having a desire to understand clients subjective experience of things (Sanders, 2006). On the other hand, difficulties in therapeutic alliance might happen as some of the clients can find it difficult to express themselves and to explore their interpersonal problems particularly to those problems that are connected to personal belief, others and relationships. For example (i must never let anyone to see my true self). Thus, In this situation the clients might not be willing to discuss their problems openly. This can cause the therapists behaviour to be misinterpreted because the therapist might activate his or her own negative belief and dysfunctional assumptions. As a result of this, dismiss the development of warm, equal collaborative alliance (Safran Segal, 1990). The behavioural approach helps to treat undesirable behaviour and sometimes, the problems can be deep rooted from inside. For example, in counselling session, a depressive client might re-act positively well to behavioural approach. The problem can still persist until the source of depression is recognised then lasting cure of the depression is unlikely (Hough, 2006). Furthermore, to solve this problem, it appears that a depressive client will need to be committed and starts to show high level of stress in the beginning of the session while the behavioural is occurring. Thus, counsellor who works as a strict behavioural perspective might overlook client’s view. Because of the basic principle of approach which lies on peoples reaction in an automatic way to stimuli. This view does not take into account the influence of thinking or cognition in determining behavioural (Hough, 2006). In comparison, cognitive behavioural approach to psychodynamic approach, these two approaches have dissimilar features; firstly cognitive behavioural therapy gives client a reason for the approach and techniques used. A cognitive behavioural therapy is an educative, as well as inspires clients to actively involve in the therapeutic process. Unlike psychodynamic therapy, Cognitive behavioural therapy normally pays attention on a persons functions at present time by searching the connection between feelings, belief, thoughts, attitudes, goals and behaviour. Rather than trying to evaluate unconscious psychic facts and events. Cognitive behavioural therapy assumes that persons emotional reaction is caused by his thoughts and belief about a particular event or situation (Hough, 2006). In Joans depressive condition, using psychodynamic approach, the counsellor will look at various factors that are influencing or causing depression. For instance, early childhood experiences and how these are related to an early attachment with her parents. Moreover, the counsellor will also link to Joans present relationships and the things she is doing without being aware of them as to protect herself from depressive thoughts and feelings as a result of experiencing a traumatic event (Gabbard Western, 2003). Counselling at work place module,   links with life span development module and sociology of health module. In life span development, Erick Erickson theory of eight stages of psychosocial development which stress the important of helpful and supportive environment in human life to meet psychological needs. Freud, psychodynamic theory looks at the important of relationship with other people and also considering their early childhood experience or present experience. Psychodynamic theory gives us an idea to think about other peoples feelings especially in a difficult time as it is normal for a human being to feel anxious (Bee Boyd, 2006). Counselling in the work place module,   links to sociology of health and healthcare, in terms of social behaviour and how to deal with people in professional manner. Biological model and social model of health and illness are explored and we looked at the mental health problem which can be treated not only with medicine but also with talking therapies such as psychodynamic therapy and cognitive therapy (Taylor Field, 2007). Cognitive behavioural therapy can be adequate for people who suffer from major depression. This is especially true for people who experience severe resources problems such as living in dangerous environment, food and shelter. Hence, it is obviously that these people depression is not in their head or neurotransmitter. Because of the hardship life they are experiencing, to dedicate time and make an effort to deal with depression can be inconvenience for them (Williams, 2006). In conclusion There are several evidences which have shown cognitive behavioural treatment approach in various studies. Although it should be remembered that cognitive behavioural therapy has shown a lot of achievement in treating different health problems with various studies have supporting its desirable outcomes. Cognitive behavioural therapy has its weaknesses and strengths since it requires treating the clients’ main problems. For example, a client who suffers from depression, anxiety and phobia needs a therapist who identifies both the rewards and criticisms available for the cognitive behavioural therapy. So, the client should be wise and careful to choose experienced and knowledgeable therapist who can bring about some changes in the clients psychological problems. In the past, when behavioural therapy was newly established, it was a non-humanistic approach to treatment. Behavioural therapy was unable to produce warmth and emotions to the client. But it is crucial to be aware that these behavioural plans have emerged from far away until now. In the past, behavioural therapy process included repetitious training sessions involving pairing a stimulus with a reinforcer. Since the cognitive treatment strategies added with cognitive behavioural strategies, cognitive behavioural therapy has considered and reflected on the person. REFERENCES   Beck, A.T. (2005). The current state of cognitive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 953-959. Beck, J.S. (1995). Cognitive Therapy- Basics and Beyond. New York: Guilford Press. Bee, H., Boyd, D.,( 2006). Lifespan Development. 4th ed Pearson education.Printed in the United States of America. Clark, D. A. Steer, R. A. (1996). Empirical status of the cognitive model of anxiety and depression. In Frontiers of Cognitive Ttherapy (ed. P. M. Salkovskis), (ed. P. M. Salkovskis), pp. 75-96. New. Collaborative Research Program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 782-787 Egan, G., (1998). The Skilled Helper, 6th edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, . follow-up. Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Foreman, I.,E.,   Elliot,H., C., Smith, L., L. .(2009). Anxiety Depression Workbook For Dummies.John wileyS ons publishing. Gabbard, G,O,, Westen, D, (2003). Rethinking therapeutic action. International Journal of Psychoanalysis,84, 823-41. Hough M., (2006).Counselling Skills and Theory, 2nd ed.,Brooks/Cole Publishing Company in California. bacp.co.uk/information/education/ rcpsych.ac.uk/default.aspx accessed on 10/03/2011 Masters, J,C., Burish, T,G., HoHon, S,D., Rimm, D,G.(1987).   Behavior Therapy. Techniques of Congress Cataloging Russell, D.E. Norvig, P., (2009). Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall Safran, J. Segal, Z. V. (1990) Interpersonal Process in Cognitive Sanders, P.,2002. First Steps in Counselling. A students companion for basic introductory courses. Third (edition). Shea, T., Elkin, I , Imber, S.D., Sotsky, S.M., Watkins, J.T., CoUins, J.F., Pilkonis, P.A., Backham, E., Glass, D.R., Dolan, R.T., Parloff, M.B. (1992). Course of depressive symptoms over follow-up. Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 782-787 Sutton, J., Stewart, W., (2002). Learning to Counsel:Develop the skills you need to counsel others.2rd ed., How to Books Ltd in United Kingdom., Taylor, S., Field,D.(2007).Sociology of health and health care, 4th ed. BIBLIOGRAPHY Beck, A.T. (2005). The current state of cognitive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 953-959. Beck, J.S. (1995). Cognitive Therapy- Basics and Beyond. New York: Guilford Press. Bee, H., Boyd, D.,( 2006). Lifespan Development. 4th ed Pearson education. Printed in the United States of America. Clark, D. A. Steer, R. A. (1996). Empirical status of the cognitive model of anxiety and depression. In Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy (ed. P. M. Salkovskis), (ed. P. M. Salkovskis), pp. 75-96. New. Collaborative Research Program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 782-787 Egan, G., (1998). The Skilled Helper, 6th edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, . follow-up. 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