Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Annotated Bibliography Example Most of the authors reviewed agree that enough adequate research has not been carried out to understand post traumatic stress disorder and its symptoms. Some articles brought up controversial issue by making an assertion that the rates suicide among militants is higher than that of the general public. They have differed on the most common symptom observed from PTSD sufferers. The articles are helpful when carrying out literature review on symptoms and treatment of PTSD. Most of the articles reviewed making reference to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 4th Edition Text Revision as a valuable reference for understanding the symptoms of PTSD. This is critical when carrying literature review since they can act as a guide in choosing materials for the review. Bryan, C., & Anestis, M. (2011). Reexperiencing symptoms and the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among deployed service members evaluated for traumatic brain injury. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 67(9), 856-865. Finley, E., Baker, M., Pugh, M., & Peterson, A. (2010). Patterns and Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence Committed by Returning Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal Of Family Violence, 25(8), 737-743. doi:10.1007/s10896-010-9331-7 Gibbons, S. W., Hickling, E. J., & Watts, D. (2012). Combat stressors and post-traumatic stress in deployed military healthcare professionals: an integrative review. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 68(1), 3-21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05708.x Herzog, J., Everson, R. R., & Whitworth, J. (2011). Do Secondary Trauma Symptoms in Spouses of Combat-Exposed National Guard Soldiers Mediate Impacts of Soldiers Trauma Exposure on Their Children? Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28(6), 459-473. doi:10.1007/s10560-011-0243-z Polusny, M., Erbes, C., Murdoch, M., Arbisi, P., Thuras, P., & Rath, M. (2011). Prospective risk factors for new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder in National Guard soldiers deployed to

Consider knowledge issues Essay Example for Free

Consider knowledge issues Essay â€Å"That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow.† Consider knowledge issues raised by this statement in two areas of knowledge. Nowadays, due to for example technological development, every day can bring us a new knowledge. Something that yesterday was unthinkable, today turned into reality. Does that work in the opposite way? Does knowledge from hundreds of years ago is still considered as truth? Does knowledge have a period of validity? I found it very interesting considering the fact that most people believe in everything what famous scientists say. They are learning things, which are written in books or newspapers and they consider it as truth. But how do we know that something is truth? There are various of theories which are created every day and overturned after few days or even hours. While thinking about all knowledge theories, one question is coming to our mind, how do we know that previously accepted knowledge is timeless, and when it is accountable to be inverted as new thinking emerges? On those questions I will try to answer in my essay. To accurately answer the question posed in the task, areas of knowledge to which I am going to relate my work are history and human sciences. Technological development which was mentioned before allowed us to verify whether created theories are true or false. Theories from which we obtains our knowledge are changing constantly. Some of them could be overturned after they were assessed as unreliable. Such assessment can be done due to development which we already obtained. However, technology can also be used to improve the reliability of such knowledge. As an example of such theory I will use biological cell theory. In 1590, Hans and Zacharias Janssen invented a microscope under which in 1665 Robert Hooke firstly discovered cells, the basic units of structure and function of all living organisms. There was not many informations about this new discover. For years, scientists have expanded their knowledge about cells and they are doing it even now. Thanks to technology, now we know almost everything about cells. How they replicate, what they contain inside of them. The theory has been improved so this is still considered as reliable knowledge. Another example of improvement in sources of knowledge could be found in physics. In ancient Greece, Democritus discovered the smallest unit of matter atom. Due to  many various experiments performed till now, theory about atom has changed many times and it is still not over. Scientists are always looking for new informations, therefore they are collecting new knowledge. From this knowledge new theories are created and then, by new technologies those are considered as true or false or improved. Another example of knowledge which was discarded after a long time is psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a method of understanding and treatment of human psychology and the theory allows to explain the different social and cultural phenomena. It was begun in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century by the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud. For many years, psychoanalysis was considered as the best method of treatment of mental disorders based on assumptions psychoanalytic theory. It assumes that the primary cause of the symptoms is unconscious memory, which involves strong emotions, resulting in a traumatic situation. Goal of psychoanalysis as a therapeutic method is to restore the consciousness of those memories. Critics of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory argue that it cannot be verified experimentally, so it cannot be classified as science, but only to literature, pseudoscience or para-science. In addition, many authors believe that Freud in many places falsify his observ ations to confirm his theory. Karl Popper took example of psychoanalysis as a theory unfalsifiable, and therefore unscientific. Unfalsifiable of psychoanalysis can be represented by the following example. A person smokes a cigar. Psychoanalysis claims that in this way this person satisfies his oral needs. If this person confirms, it would constitute proof of the veracity of the claims of psychoanalysis. If, however, deny that the reasons for the denial of that to be found in ignorance and denial. Thus, it also confirms the truth of the claims of psychoanalysis. Except Freud, there are many other psychoanalysts. As an example I will use Alfred Adler. Alfred Adler was an Austrian medical doctor and psychotherapist who found school of individual psychology. Different case in point how knowledge can be discarded we can find in case of penicillin. It was the first antibiotic found in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. Firstly, it was considered as the best known to humanity treatment for almost all the diseases. The mechanism of action of penicillin as  antibiotics by blocking the activity of bacterial enzymes. It lend a hand to a lot of people with their diseases and sufferings and it brought a great success to scientists which found it. They even got the Nobel Prize in 1945 for inventing penicillin. However, after a few years when penicillin was on the market, many people started to complain on side effects of penicillin. It turned out that a lot of them are allergic to penicillin and therefore they have huge problems with their health. Some people even had anaphylactic shock after first dose. Moreover, users of penicillin were complaining from fever, chilling, profuse sweating, cyanosis or hypotension. These facts have rejected the recogniti on of penicillin as the best antibiotic and therefore knowledge that penicillin is the best antibiotic was discarded. Nowadays due to technology we have much better kinds of antibiotics. Many of them are antiallergic and therefore may be used by all people suffering from different diseases. Except science, knowledge changes also on historical ground. It mainly refer to revisionist historians. History we learn is changing all the time, as revisionist historians change things so as to fit the truths more likely than it is. As it is known, history is always incomplete. There are many facts about we do not have a clue or we dont know why something happened. Thanks to revisionist historians, old theories are in fact changed into the new ones, which are considered as better and therefore more accurate truth of the world is created. In this case, old theories are not discarded, but evolved to adjust to the flow of time and new informations possessed. Therefore, theories created by earlier generations are accepted but changed in future to fit the truth more likely. This brings us to consensus that even though a few years ago something was considered by historians as truth, today due to technology and revisionist historians it may be considered as totally different. As we can see, nothing stays forever on our planet. Everyday everything changes, new knowledge is discovered and new theories are created. World is constantly evolving and brings us new technology by which we can discover new informations and therefore knowledge. Psychoanalysis, discover of penicillin, cell theory, revisionist historians and discover of atom are all  an examples of how can knowledge change due to the passage of time and technology development. Taking this into consideration, the statement mentioned in the subject That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow. perfectly represents the idea and speed of development of modern world. Even though today we think that something is true and different theory is unacceptable, in few years or centuries it could be discarded or evolved into the new theory.

Why Educate? :: Essays Papers

Why Educate? As I ponder what my educational philosophy is, and what I hope it will become, I find it necessary to consider why we educate our children in the first place, and why we finance countless public school systems with local tax dollars and federal funds only to hear over and over that schools are failing, our teachers are inadequate, and our students unprepared for life. The majority of high school graduates can read. They can perform basic arithmetic. They know some literature, history, and civics. They are more computer literate than ever before, yet the U.S. Department of Education's National Commission on Excellence in Education concludes in â€Å"A Nation at Risk:† If an unfriendly power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war. As it stands, we have allowed this to happen to ourselves. We have even squandered the gains in achievement made in the wake of the Sputnik challenge. Moreover, we have dismantled essential support systems which helped make those gains possible. We have, in effect, been committing an act of unthinking, unilateral educational disarmament" (NCREL 2002). This â€Å"educational disarmament† is really a failure to produce students that are truly competitive in the world marketplace, a failure to make the same technological advances as other industrialized nations. Joel Spring, in The American School (1997), asserts that beginning with the founding of the common school in the nineteenth century, education has been seen as a way of â€Å"ending poverty, providing equality of opportunity, [and] an increasing national wealth† (6). It is the â€Å"increasing national wealth† that students are tested on now, and found lacking. According to Sebastian de Assis, author of Teachers of the World, Unite! (2000), it was during the Industrial Revolution that â€Å"mathematics, sciences, technical and vocational education became pivotal to the sustenance of the new economic order† in the United States (p. 24). Students have become just another part of the great machinery that is America. Either they contribute and m ake the country, and themselves, richer, or they are failures, who have, in turn, been failed by an educational system that did not teach them how to grow rich or help the nation grow rich. Like de Assis (2000), I find the commoditization of students to be more than a little disturbing.

Why Childcare is Good for Children

Charndrea Johnson Composition Instructor:   Linda  O'Connor Week 12: Individual work Introduction This Essay I choose is basically to tell you why you should choose childcare for your child and why it’s good for children. Also why I approve of my child being in one. Choosing an appropriate childcare for your young children seems very overwhelming. But as a parent it’s your responsibility to ensure that your children are safe and happy in a childcare that is fun, educational, and nurturing all at the same time, so that you know your child is comfortable in their environment.Whether it’s an in-home, center based daycare or preschool. And you should also know your children’s temperament, which are their likes, dislikes, health, interests, and behavior. Yes they might give you a hard time the first few times you drop them off but once they get use to their care taker they are going to be comfortable around them. I choose my topic to be about child care, be cause I feel that it could be good for any child but I do and don’t like some parts of child care.For instance I would prefer for my child to be in a facility where they are active with other children, learn educational material that can prepare them in the long run. Not sitting in someone’s home watching TV, playing, and taking naps. That more like you’re paying a teenager to babysit your child while you’re at work not somewhere professional. But I approve of an exalt professional child care where you know your child is safe and happy. Not somewhere where you are having second thoughts about putting your child.The child care where my child go I love it, because I know that while she is there she’s safe and happy playing with children her age and learn real educational material not just sitting on a couch watching cartoons. In many important ways, our preschool years determine our future competitive role in the global economy, the public safety of our communities, the cost-effective investment of public and private dollars, and the success of welfare reform. When child care becomes necessary for families; quality child care becomes critical for children.If done well, child care benefits us all. The economic structure of society has significantly influenced how families care for their children. Because women are usually the primary caregivers, the nature of their work roles has an important effect on childcare. In some societies, mothers as well as fathers can provide childcare, food, clothing, and shelter for their families through work located in or near the family home. In other situations, men are employed away from home and the daily care of children becomes the primary responsibility of women (Carnoy 2000).Some women work only before marriage, before children are born, or after children are mature enough to care for themselves. However, for a variety of personal and economic reasons, including single parenthood, many mot hers with young children today work outside the home and can no longer fill the traditional responsibilities of home and childcare. Because children's early experiences and relationships with caregivers have a significant influence on their future development and achievements, the quality of their care is an important concern for all.And this is why I choose the topic about childcare, because I feel every child should have a chance at on early education in childcare. And not just sitting at home looking at their parents or watching cartoons all day. And the good thing about it is that you can get a break from your children and they can also get a break from you. And yes they have help for you if you can’t afford to pay the full amount of childcare in certain states. I don’t know about every state but I know you can get help with childcare if you’re in school, working or both.But childcare is good for both the child and the parent, so this is why I feel you shoul d choose childcare. Reference Textbook Roen, D. , Glau, G. , Maid, B. (2010). The McGraw-Hill guide: Writing for college, writing for life (2nd Ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. Why choose childcare http://family. jrank. org/pages/220/Childcare-Why-Childcare-Important. html choosing childcare http://kidshealth. org/parent/positive/family/child_care. html DCF http://www. dcf. state. fl. us/programs/childcare/ ELC www. elcalachua. org/

Italian Migrants to Australia

History Assignment- Extended Response Describe the experiences of the Italian migrants from their arrival after WW2, through to the multicultural period in the 1970s The experiences of the Italian Migrants have changed from the time of their arrival after WW2 to the present day. The Italian migrants were forced to leave Italy after the war due to the fact that many of them were displaced as a result of sheer destruction that some areas had undergone. What was once a home, was now no more than a pile of rubbish.Also, with many loved ones dead, leaving and making a new start was very tempting. When they first arrived in Australia, the Italians experienced considerable cultural shock. They found that Australia was insensitive to their culture and traditions and therefore expected them to change. The Italians were mainly like the â€Å"black sheep† of the population. The feud between the Italian migrants and the Australians got to a point were the Italians had to go out in groups in fear for their own safety. It also appeared that the Australian government was not well prepared to accept them.However, after their work on the Snowy Mountains Scheme and other enterprises, life changed for the better. The Italians overcame the resentment and social isolation to achieve a better future for themselves and their children. Australia was a country for white people. The migrants had to be white and from the British Isles of English speaking parts of the empire. However, after the bombing attack, Australia realised that their population was not big enough to defend itself and therefore, they must â€Å"Populate or perish†. Immigration was the only answer.On the border of Australia, the Italians had to pass a medical examination and if they passed they were allowed to live in Australia. If not, they were sent back. However, by this time Australia was 99%(most of the population being british) white, and the Australian public wanted to keep it that way. The Austra lian population reacted badly to the Italians and the minister was attacked by vicious criticism. When the Italians arrived in Australia, they were confronted with new and unfamiliar things, and were expected to change to match the â€Å"Australian way†.This was known as the policy of assimilation; think white act white. The Italians were allowed to migrate to Australia only if they left all their customs and traditions behind and lived the Australian way. Shortly after this was replaced by the policy of Integration. This policy allowed the Italians to practice their traditions and culture in the privacy of their own home, but still had to act Australian in public. Culturally based organisations were formed to help provide welfare and support for migrants.When the Italian migrants began to look for work, they had to travel to find jobs. The Italian Prisoners of War were barely seen as a danger and often worked on farms without guards. Most of the early Italian migrants were u nskilled and came from the poorer parts of Italy. Even those who did have skills, their qualifications were not recognised in Australia. As a result the Italians were forced to do tough, labouring work. One of the huge employment schemes such as the ‘Snowy Mountain Scheme’ contributed greatly to the multiculturalism of Australia.The work was hard and the conditions were tough however the Italians were attracted by the relatively high wages. Due to ninety-eight percent of the project being underground, there was a lot of tunneling, often through solid granite rock. Work conditions in the tunnels were dirty, wet, noisy, smelly and sometimes dangerous. More than 120 workers died in the projects twenty-five year period. Even though work was difficult and sometimes dangerous, it developed, on its workers, a sense of community and companionship. The ‘Snowy Mountains Scheme’ was the first real experience of multiculturalism in Australia.It gave the chance for peop le from many countries around the world to communicate, accept and understand the culture and background of others without judging. It also encouraged all these people to work together as a team and put aside all their differences as there was no room for racial prejudice. Multiculturalism accepts the notion that Australia is a nation of many different cultures but that, as Australians, we all live together as one people. The policy of multiculturalism was introduced by the 21st Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam.The Whitlam government keenly supported multiculturalism. Grants were made to ethnic organisations to promote their culture. Legislation was introduced to end discrimination and it was now illegal to discriminate people on the basis of their racial background. Some Australians did not want to see the British culture be diluted by other cultures. They had a fear of ‘invasion’ and that the Italians would take jobs from existing Australians. However, a maj ority of Australians were open minded to the new policy and began to look at the Italians form another perspective.Overall the experiences of the Italian migrants when they first arrived in Australia were difficult. They felt very much out of place and little was done to help them. They were not part of the Australian community. However their involvement in areas like the Snowy Mountains Scheme played an important part in helping the Italians because it gave them a decent wage, and also because it allowed them to work and bond alongside people of other races which made them work as a community and helped racism to greatly minimise. Italians nowadays have had a great impact on Australia.Italian migrants have made an enormous contribution to cultural and economical life. They introduced new foods and ingredients and their restaurants continue to be very popular. Their music is continued to be enjoyed by many Australians. Their contribution to building and construction is crucial. The italian migrants have made an economical effect on Australia by creating employment be opening large and small businesses. Also, they have had a large contribution in incorporating Italian teachings into the school curriculum.

Free Essays on Abuse Or Neglect

Abuse or Neglect When most people think of child maltreatment, they usually think of one general category concerning any type of harm inflicted upon a child. What most people do not realize is there is a second category known as child neglect. Child neglect happens to be the most common form of child maltreatment, and sometimes the most overlooked. Child abuse and child neglect both share some common traits. Both categories are punishable by law, carrying heavy penalties in court. They each cause developmental issues physically, socially, and emotionally. Also, child abuse and child neglect are equally detrimental and could cause the death of a child. Child abuse and child neglect, even with their similarities, have very different definitions and characteristics. Child abuse is any intended or actual harm done to a child by the parent or primary caregiver. A child being physically, sexually, or emotionally abused would fall under the category of child abuse. Child neglect is the parent or primary caregiver denying a child his or her basic needs. Abandoning a child or failing to provide adequate food, shelter, or clothing is child neglect. Even failing to provide educational and health services for a child would be considered child neglect. Child abuse and child neglect, however similar, are two different forms of child maltreatment. They each deserve their own category to make it easier to recognize, define, and judge the exact extent of wrong done to a child.... Free Essays on Abuse Or Neglect Free Essays on Abuse Or Neglect Abuse or Neglect When most people think of child maltreatment, they usually think of one general category concerning any type of harm inflicted upon a child. What most people do not realize is there is a second category known as child neglect. Child neglect happens to be the most common form of child maltreatment, and sometimes the most overlooked. Child abuse and child neglect both share some common traits. Both categories are punishable by law, carrying heavy penalties in court. They each cause developmental issues physically, socially, and emotionally. Also, child abuse and child neglect are equally detrimental and could cause the death of a child. Child abuse and child neglect, even with their similarities, have very different definitions and characteristics. Child abuse is any intended or actual harm done to a child by the parent or primary caregiver. A child being physically, sexually, or emotionally abused would fall under the category of child abuse. Child neglect is the parent or primary caregiver denying a child his or her basic needs. Abandoning a child or failing to provide adequate food, shelter, or clothing is child neglect. Even failing to provide educational and health services for a child would be considered child neglect. Child abuse and child neglect, however similar, are two different forms of child maltreatment. They each deserve their own category to make it easier to recognize, define, and judge the exact extent of wrong done to a child....

Assess the use of cognitive counselling approach to help the client through the process of change and cope with depression. The WritePass Journal

Assess the use of cognitive counselling approach to help the client through the process of change and cope with depression. Introduction Assess the use of cognitive counselling approach to help the client through the process of change and cope with depression. IntroductionIn conclusionREFERENCES  BIBLIOGRAPHYRelated Introduction This essay will assess the use of cognitive counselling approach to help the client through the process of change and cope with depression. Joan is 28 years old woman, suffering from depression; the Gp referred her to the counsellor who will help her to overcome it. Due to the nature of the problem, Cognitive behavioural therapy can be used to treat Joans depression condition. This therapy is an effective approach that is used for helping people to change their behaviour, thoughts and feelings. NICE 2009 illustrated that depression is a common mental health problem and it affects nearly 1 in 6 in the United Kingdom. The main signs of depression are losing interest in the normal activities as well as isolating from other people. A person suffering from depression might experience sadness feeling, crying, irritable or feeling exhausted, feeling low, blaming and feeling unworthy to live, changes in appetite and having sleepless night and the person might experience poor memory and concentration. For these reasons, the person can become critical and holding negative thoughts about himself or herself. These feelings can lead to suicide or harm. Cognitive therapy is simply a kind of psychotherapy that was created by Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis. This therapy is believed to alter unrealistic views and the way of thinking psychologists’ use cognitive therapy approach to view psychological problems for instance, depression develops from different areas of life experience. Beck discovered that cognitive therapy was an efficient intervention for treating depression. Cognitive therapy assists clients to feel better, to be aware of their feelings and to battle with their negative thoughts and perceptions (Beck, 1995; Beck, 2005). Behavioural therapy was originated from classical learning theories which come from the work of Ivan Pavlov -respondent conditioning, John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner- operant conditioning. Behavioural therapy helps the person to tackle the problems by behaving positively. For instance the person who has fear of a dog, the therapist usually helps the person by spending more time on the situation in order to make the person feels comfortable in this particular situation (Masters. et. al, 1987). Therefore cognitive behavioural therapy adds both the two techniques and normally it is performed in a structured environment with the main objective of overcoming the specific problem. A person requires doing tasks within sessions, for example using a diary to record events and finally the person learns to become his or her own therapist (Freman.et.al). In Joans case as a depressive person, the diary can be used to monitor the mood and activities as this would be useful and helpful for both the counsellor and Joan to obtain more objective view of the problem and assess possible causes and changes of symptoms during the day or week (Foreman et.al. 2009). Cognitive behavioural therapy is cheap and also a short term treatment with long lasting outcomes. It is a proficient treatment for many psychiatric conditions. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) suggested that   Cognitive behavioural therapy has a reputation in treating diverse problems such as relationship problems, emotional problems, stress, schizophrenia, fear, phobia and eating disorders, anxiety, depression. Several controlled trials have shown its positive outcome (www.nice.org.uk/CG91publicinfo). According to the therapeutic research, the duration of cognitive therapy is offered for 10-20 sessions. But The National Institute of mental health study on depression indicated that   16-20 sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy are not enough for most patients to overcome depression . A study in British Medical Journal in 2002, reported that people with severe depression received treatment from their general practitioners which included behavioural and educational self help materials. In November 2007,the government decided to spend  £170 million as a strategy to better psychotherapy service program and to make it more viable especially for patients with depression and anxiety. Most of them cannot afford to pay private therapists and also they have to be on the waiting lists (rcpsych.ac.uk/default.aspx). Counsellor needs to work within the British Association Code of Practice which are values, principles and personal moral qualities (bacp.co.uk/ethical_framework/. Actually these are similar to Rogerian three core conditions, empathy, non-judgement, warmth and genuiness (Sanders, 2002). Cognitive behavioural therapy needs counsellors who have experience and knowledge on how to perform interview with the patients. As (Sanders, 2002) pointed out depressive people need help, support and encouragement. Cognitive behavioural therapy usually encourages a patient to talk freely about whatever comes in his/ her mind because sometimes the patient can turn up without being prepared or planned on what to talk about (Foreman, et. Al., 2009) The counsellor should totally address the confidentiality issues with the client to make him or her feel secure in advance before the session starts (Sanders, 2002) During the session, for example looking at Joan as a depressive person she will be required to learn and practice specific strategies in every session and she will have an assignment to do such as recording events in the diary and bringing the result to the next session. The aim of this is to improve her present condition. Although this needs a lot efforts for a person who is feeling depressed. Therefore, the counsellor plays a big part and becomes very important in engaging Joan in the therapy. This can be achieved when Joan realises that the counsellor understands her situation and empathise with her feelings and able to proffer solutions to her problem (Hough,2006) Rogerian interviewing techniques are very helpful in creating good environment in therapeutic. The interviewing techniques involve paraphrasing, reflection of feelings, and summarising (Hough, 2006) Paraphrasing include repeating what the patient spoke, the counsellor supposes to use his or her own words. This indicates that the counsellors has understood accurately and reassure the client that the counsellor has been concentrating and obtaining the key message. In this point if the counsellors misinterpret the clients key points, then the client can rectify the counsellors fault (Sutton Williams). Reflection of feelings entails the statements; the counsellor usually expands the clients factual feeling and elaborates in his or her own words. This way again indicates that the counsellor has been listening accurately and identifies clients emotional state. Actually, in this section, the counsellor will be informing the client that they are emphasising together. Furthermore at this stage, the counsellor also shows his emotional reaction towards the story (Sutton Williams). Summarising is carried out throughout the session; it includes gathering and breaking down the final few moments of the discussion. As a result, this would help the client to see and understand the situation more effectively (Sutton Williams, 2002) Above all, the counsellor has to ensure that during this time in dealing with a depressive client, there should be some boundaries. Joan can feel helpless and aimless with the situation; this does not mean that the counsellor should step back. The counsellor must make sure that he is not too carried away with the clients emotions as he needs to be strong before the client and find possible way of uplifting the client (Sutton Williams, 2002). In counselling session, active listening skills are regarded as the main vessel in communicating with the client. To break the communication barrier, the counsellor needs to consider listening effectively to his clients verbal means of communication as well as understanding the non-verbal means of communication. Suppose, in Joans depressive condition, the counsellor must be able to identify and work on the clues such as negative statements that need contradiction and short phrases (Egan, 1998). However asking questions sometimes can be problematic in counselling as it reflects on external rather than internal reference. The method of asking questions enables the counsellor to get facts for their own use instead of having a desire to understand clients subjective experience of things (Sanders, 2006). On the other hand, difficulties in therapeutic alliance might happen as some of the clients can find it difficult to express themselves and to explore their interpersonal problems particularly to those problems that are connected to personal belief, others and relationships. For example (i must never let anyone to see my true self). Thus, In this situation the clients might not be willing to discuss their problems openly. This can cause the therapists behaviour to be misinterpreted because the therapist might activate his or her own negative belief and dysfunctional assumptions. As a result of this, dismiss the development of warm, equal collaborative alliance (Safran Segal, 1990). The behavioural approach helps to treat undesirable behaviour and sometimes, the problems can be deep rooted from inside. For example, in counselling session, a depressive client might re-act positively well to behavioural approach. The problem can still persist until the source of depression is recognised then lasting cure of the depression is unlikely (Hough, 2006). Furthermore, to solve this problem, it appears that a depressive client will need to be committed and starts to show high level of stress in the beginning of the session while the behavioural is occurring. Thus, counsellor who works as a strict behavioural perspective might overlook client’s view. Because of the basic principle of approach which lies on peoples reaction in an automatic way to stimuli. This view does not take into account the influence of thinking or cognition in determining behavioural (Hough, 2006). In comparison, cognitive behavioural approach to psychodynamic approach, these two approaches have dissimilar features; firstly cognitive behavioural therapy gives client a reason for the approach and techniques used. A cognitive behavioural therapy is an educative, as well as inspires clients to actively involve in the therapeutic process. Unlike psychodynamic therapy, Cognitive behavioural therapy normally pays attention on a persons functions at present time by searching the connection between feelings, belief, thoughts, attitudes, goals and behaviour. Rather than trying to evaluate unconscious psychic facts and events. Cognitive behavioural therapy assumes that persons emotional reaction is caused by his thoughts and belief about a particular event or situation (Hough, 2006). In Joans depressive condition, using psychodynamic approach, the counsellor will look at various factors that are influencing or causing depression. For instance, early childhood experiences and how these are related to an early attachment with her parents. Moreover, the counsellor will also link to Joans present relationships and the things she is doing without being aware of them as to protect herself from depressive thoughts and feelings as a result of experiencing a traumatic event (Gabbard Western, 2003). Counselling at work place module,   links with life span development module and sociology of health module. In life span development, Erick Erickson theory of eight stages of psychosocial development which stress the important of helpful and supportive environment in human life to meet psychological needs. Freud, psychodynamic theory looks at the important of relationship with other people and also considering their early childhood experience or present experience. Psychodynamic theory gives us an idea to think about other peoples feelings especially in a difficult time as it is normal for a human being to feel anxious (Bee Boyd, 2006). Counselling in the work place module,   links to sociology of health and healthcare, in terms of social behaviour and how to deal with people in professional manner. Biological model and social model of health and illness are explored and we looked at the mental health problem which can be treated not only with medicine but also with talking therapies such as psychodynamic therapy and cognitive therapy (Taylor Field, 2007). Cognitive behavioural therapy can be adequate for people who suffer from major depression. This is especially true for people who experience severe resources problems such as living in dangerous environment, food and shelter. Hence, it is obviously that these people depression is not in their head or neurotransmitter. Because of the hardship life they are experiencing, to dedicate time and make an effort to deal with depression can be inconvenience for them (Williams, 2006). In conclusion There are several evidences which have shown cognitive behavioural treatment approach in various studies. Although it should be remembered that cognitive behavioural therapy has shown a lot of achievement in treating different health problems with various studies have supporting its desirable outcomes. Cognitive behavioural therapy has its weaknesses and strengths since it requires treating the clients’ main problems. For example, a client who suffers from depression, anxiety and phobia needs a therapist who identifies both the rewards and criticisms available for the cognitive behavioural therapy. So, the client should be wise and careful to choose experienced and knowledgeable therapist who can bring about some changes in the clients psychological problems. In the past, when behavioural therapy was newly established, it was a non-humanistic approach to treatment. Behavioural therapy was unable to produce warmth and emotions to the client. But it is crucial to be aware that these behavioural plans have emerged from far away until now. In the past, behavioural therapy process included repetitious training sessions involving pairing a stimulus with a reinforcer. Since the cognitive treatment strategies added with cognitive behavioural strategies, cognitive behavioural therapy has considered and reflected on the person. REFERENCES   Beck, A.T. (2005). The current state of cognitive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 953-959. Beck, J.S. (1995). Cognitive Therapy- Basics and Beyond. New York: Guilford Press. Bee, H., Boyd, D.,( 2006). Lifespan Development. 4th ed Pearson education.Printed in the United States of America. Clark, D. A. Steer, R. A. (1996). Empirical status of the cognitive model of anxiety and depression. In Frontiers of Cognitive Ttherapy (ed. P. M. Salkovskis), (ed. P. M. Salkovskis), pp. 75-96. New. Collaborative Research Program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 782-787 Egan, G., (1998). The Skilled Helper, 6th edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, . follow-up. Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Foreman, I.,E.,   Elliot,H., C., Smith, L., L. .(2009). Anxiety Depression Workbook For Dummies.John wileyS ons publishing. Gabbard, G,O,, Westen, D, (2003). Rethinking therapeutic action. International Journal of Psychoanalysis,84, 823-41. Hough M., (2006).Counselling Skills and Theory, 2nd ed.,Brooks/Cole Publishing Company in California. bacp.co.uk/information/education/ rcpsych.ac.uk/default.aspx accessed on 10/03/2011 Masters, J,C., Burish, T,G., HoHon, S,D., Rimm, D,G.(1987).   Behavior Therapy. Techniques of Congress Cataloging Russell, D.E. Norvig, P., (2009). Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall Safran, J. Segal, Z. V. (1990) Interpersonal Process in Cognitive Sanders, P.,2002. First Steps in Counselling. A students companion for basic introductory courses. Third (edition). Shea, T., Elkin, I , Imber, S.D., Sotsky, S.M., Watkins, J.T., CoUins, J.F., Pilkonis, P.A., Backham, E., Glass, D.R., Dolan, R.T., Parloff, M.B. (1992). Course of depressive symptoms over follow-up. Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 782-787 Sutton, J., Stewart, W., (2002). Learning to Counsel:Develop the skills you need to counsel others.2rd ed., How to Books Ltd in United Kingdom., Taylor, S., Field,D.(2007).Sociology of health and health care, 4th ed. BIBLIOGRAPHY Beck, A.T. (2005). The current state of cognitive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 953-959. Beck, J.S. (1995). Cognitive Therapy- Basics and Beyond. New York: Guilford Press. Bee, H., Boyd, D.,( 2006). Lifespan Development. 4th ed Pearson education. Printed in the United States of America. Clark, D. A. Steer, R. A. (1996). Empirical status of the cognitive model of anxiety and depression. In Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy (ed. P. M. Salkovskis), (ed. P. M. Salkovskis), pp. 75-96. New. Collaborative Research Program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 782-787 Egan, G., (1998). The Skilled Helper, 6th edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, . follow-up. Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Foreman, I.,E.,   Elliot,H., C., Smith, L., L. .(2009). Anxiety Depression Workbook For Dummies.John wiley Sons publishing. Gabbard, G,O,, Westen, D, (2003). Rethinking therapeutic action. International Journal of Psychoanalysis,84, 823-41. Hough M., (2006).Counselling Skills and Theory, 2nd ed.,Brooks/Cole Publishing Company in California. bacp.co.uk/information/education/ rcpsych.ac.uk/default.aspx accessed on 10/03/2011 Masters, J,C., Burish, T,G., HoHon, S,D., Rimm, D,G.(1987).   Behavior Therapy. Techniques of Congress Cataloging Russell, D.E. Norvig, P., (2009). Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall Safran, J. Segal, Z. V. (1990) Interpersonal Process in Cognitive Sanders, P.,2002. First Steps in Counselling. A students companion for basic introductory courses. Third (edition). Shea, T., Elkin, I , Imber, S.D., Sotsky, S.M., Watkins, J.T., CoUins, J.F., Pilkonis, P.A., Backham, E., Glass, D.R., Dolan, R.T., Parloff, M.B. (1992). Course of depressive symptoms over follow-up. Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 782-787 Sutton, J., Stewart, W., (2002). Learning to Counsel. Develop the skills you need to counsel others.2rd ed., How to Books Ltd in United Kingdom., Taylor, S., Field, D.(2007).Sociology of health and health care, 4th ed.Library Therapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. Williams, C,. (2006). Overcoming depression and Low mood. A   Five areas approach. 2nd ed. Hodder Arnord. Oxford University Press. New York.

Chico, Muchacho, and Other Spanish Words for Children

Chico, Muchacho, and Other Spanish Words for Children Chico, muchacho, nià ±o - and their feminine equivalents, chica, muchacha, and nià ±a - and just a few of the words you can use in Spanish to refer to children. But they arent all used in the same way. In most cases, youre safe to use any of the above words to refer to boys and girls. However, in some cases they can have more specialized uses. Using Chico and Chica As a general adjective, chico is simply a word for small, especially when referring to something that is smaller than other beings or things of its type. When it becomes a noun referring to people, however, it usually refers to someone of a young age rather than someone of short stature. The age of children used for chico and chica varies somewhat with region. However, it is often used as a term of affection for people other than children. For example, in Cuba it frequently is used to address friends, something like hey dude or buddy might be in American slang. It is also very common to use chica when referring to young, single women, especially ones in which men might be interested in for romantic purposes - something like the equivalent of babe. To a lesser extent, chico can fulfill a similar role. Similarly, the two terms commonly are used for girlfriend and boyfriend, respectively. The main characters in a movie, TV show or novel are often referred to as chico or chica, especially if they are young and attractive. Using Muchacho and Muchacha When referring to adolescents or teenagers, muchacho/a can usually be used interchangeably with chico/a. In most areas it isnt used often when referring to younger children. Muchacho/a can also be used to refer to a young servant or maid. Using Nià ±o and Nià ±a Nià ±o and nià ±a are more general and sometimes slightly more formal words for children. Their use might be preferred in situations where wed talk about a child in English rather than a boy or girl. For example, a school handout might say something such as Cada nià ±o debe leer un libro por mes for Each child should read one book per month. (Following the Spanish rule of gender, nià ±os can refer to a mixed group of boys and girls, not necessarily just boys. In sentences such as the above, the context suggests that cada nià ±o refers to each child, not necessarily just each boy.) Nià ±o is also used in situations where the speaker is referring to young age or inexperience in general. For example, a child soldier is a nià ±o soldado, and a street child is a nià ±o/a de la calle. Similarly, someone who is worse than a child is peor que un nià ±o - words such as chico and muchacho wouldnt work well in that context. Other Words Referring to Children Other words for talking about children include: Hijo and hija refer specifically to a son or daughter, respectively. Nià ±o/a can also be used with the same meaning if the context is clear.Criatura, a cognate of creature, is sometimes used an affectionate term. For example,  ¡Quà © criatura hermosa! might be translated loosely as What a beautiful little angel! Note that criatura is always feminine, even if it refers to a boy.Descendiente can be used as a replacement for hijo or hija; it is used much more than the English descendant. The word can be either masculine or feminine depending on whether it refers to a son or daughter. It can also refer to descendants such as great-grandchildren.Bebà © is the most common word for baby. Note that it is always masculine, even when referring to a girl.

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International marketing - Essay Example The concept of marketing arose from the recognized need of a business to relate to the potential consumers they were targeting and develop a line of communication that will enable them to relay any messages to the public (Kotler & Keller, 2006). The practice of marketing also served to create new inroads in freshly established regions that allows for the opportunity to develop a consumer base. Marketing strategies come into play when a company is implementing their method of marketing and consists of the particular pathways that will be chosen by an organization aiming to achieve this objective (Laermer & Simmons, 2007). The marketing strategies that are developed will be determined by the type of business the organization is involved in as well as the specific objectives that they wish to achieve. A business may choose to focus on a particular objective that they feel is essential to the strengthening of their business and this in turn will determine the particular methods that are put into application (Kotler & Keller, 2006). ... In this particular case scenario the market environment will be placed in the South African region as this is the area where the business wishes to set up their operations (Kotler & Keller, 2006). The environment can be categorized into two factors when attempting to decipher the various issues that affects the dental market the practice is hoping to penetrate. These categories are internal and external factors: Internal Factors This refers to the factors within the business that will affect the marketing strategies that may be implemented by the practice. They include: Size of the practice – The size of the business will directly affect the level of marketing they are able to undertake as well as the methods that will be implemented in relation to the business’ financial capabilities (Laermer & Simmons, 2007). The size of the business may also refer to the intended extent the practice plans on growing their South African business, a moderate establishment would not req uire as much marketing as an intended National brand would. Organizational Structure – The manner in which the company is structured and established means of operations will determining the marketing strategy that will be implemented with regard to the decision makers. The marketing activities may be controlled by the London based department which may mean that the South African strategies will have to have originated from headquarters before the business is able to act on them. It is advisable that individuals who are based within the region be in charge of the marketing operations as this is the group that has the clearest perspective of what they are dealing with and the steps that need

Sourcing Process Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sourcing Process Summary - Essay Example In this paper, we evaluate the steps involved in sourcing processes. Furthermore, identify the opportunities and challenges for insourcing versus outsourcing of parts/components domestically and overseas. In conclusion discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of global versus domestic sourcing done. The flowchart having sourcing process steps provided in the appendix 7. Invoice to Payment: Attain of invoices physically or via electronic communications. Process invoices and credit slips, comprising matching invoices with buy orders and securing authentications. In addition, pay suppliers invoices and handle statement of account (Ericsson.com, n.d). Manage category: Analyze the grouping and supplier market condition. Categorize the supplier in accordance with the supplier’s compliance with standard criteria, explicit criteria, and performance (Ericsson.com, n.d). In sourcing, repatriation is challenging same as the timing and coordination that maintain persistence of service, especially with a resource supplier that is losing its industry. A frequent reason insourcing continuity fails is due to under-approximation of the operational variances. Insourcing challenge is that some industries have shifted several operational responsibilities to organizations outside (outsourcing) a country’s boundaries. Outsourcing overseas denies the mother country opportunities to maximize on profit generation and jobs. Insourcing happens when foreign-headquartered corporations institute operations within the country by creating several subsidiaries that provide jobs opportunities (Sarlak, 2010). The nation has the opportunity to stabilize economically due to insourcing. Insourcing domestically creates more opportunity for a country economic growth. Outsourcing challenges such as â€Å"Shirking† happens when a seller intentionally underperforms while demanding full payment.

IT Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Outsourcing - Essay Example Information technology processes are primary among those outsourced as they call for expertise and can dramatically boost the brand image of a company. Since outsourcing has long been taken on as a cost-cutting strategy, companies will want to identify services that can be hired out to experts to perform them. Moreover, outsourcing enables companies to achieve flexibility as they can take advantage of time differences as the companies hired out are usually overseas. Besides that, where a company is facing great demand during peak seasons, they can meet this demand by hiring out manufacturing processes to overseas companies with the expertise. This is quite beneficial to a company as it gives them an edge over their competitors in terms of surprise availability and ability to meet consumers’ requirements consistently (Blokdijk, 2008). With respect to IT, service value chain can be achieved by for instance where companies approach a company to provide storage through cloud compu ters and provide applications that streamline operations using customized software. Most sought after is web hosting services, there are risks attached to this that will require deep consideration and analysis. These are related to the vendors, such that their being in the driving seat allows them to take control of operations. This could result in conflict of interests, a company may lose its identity while associating with certain vendors, managing and directing vendors may prove challenging and when the outsourcing company decides to end the partnership with a vendor, critical knowledge goes with the vendors which may prove risky and expensive as they will be vulnerable to competition (Kroenke, 2012). Hence, it is crucial that companies establish fundamental principles when making a contract with vendors or suppliers of IT services. This ensures there is a meeting of minds allowing a cohesive and mutually beneficial relationship to exist. However, this should not be done in a dic tatorial manner as it may build reluctance from the vendor. The buyer should notify the vendor what the expectations are so that the vendor understands the obligations faced by the company. Prior to this, a company seeking to outsource IT services should do a thorough background check on potential vendors or suppliers to make certain they are reliable and competent to perform the services. This prevents a situation where quality of service from the vendor is below par. An outsourcing company should also be careful not to entirely expose its intellectual capital, in form of skills and knowledge, to the vendors as this may prove damaging if accessed by the competition (Blokdijk, 2008). From the mini-case study, it is understandable why management would want to outsource IT services seeing as it should support 5,000 students, excluding staff and they have an accommodating budget. Nevertheless, having an extra 15 employees, over and above the 30 employees, all dedicated to the same busi ness function may prove expensive and redundant. The university needs to rationalize the outsourced services to ensure they maximize capital utilization, where capital in this case refers to existing employees. In addition, the associated costs of outsourcing services should be supported by quantifiable benefits accrued from the services. It would be sensible to outsource IT s

Team Discussion and strategic paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Discussion and strategic paper - Essay Example He must be clear in his mind about the strategies for the smooth functioning of the business. He should have a thorough research about the success and possible challenges to his business idea before setting it up. â€Å"A balanced scorecard analysis (Developed by Dr. Robert Kaplan and Dr. David Norton) will help the entrepreneur in defining the vision and strategies of his business and translate them into action. The entrepreneur must ensure that his strategies are well known to his employees to ensure the success of his business. The proposed business must be analyzed under different perspectives like Learning and growth, business process, customer and financial perspectives. Within each perspective, identify what needs to be done in order to achieve the overall mission like, What must we do (from each perspective) to achieve the overall mission? What is â€Å"This perspective focuses on how an organisation is improving its ability to innovate, improve and learn in order to support success with the critical operations and processes defined in the Internal Process Perspective. This may include employee training and corporate culture attitudes.† (Balanced scorecard) Innovation always creates leaders in the market. Consumers are always going after new trends and hence the success of a business depends on the innovative strategies of the entrepreneur. For a baby clothing store, the entrepreneur must analyze the current trends and he must be capable of designing new varieties of clothes for kids depend on the consumer interests. Following what others are doing may not help him to compete in the market. The employees must be well versed in the current scientific management theories which will help them in dealing with customers, marketing, accounting, purchasing estimations, etc. For that purpose the entrepreneur must provide adequate training to the employees to make them aware of the current trends in business, corporate strategies and

Political Implications and Its Role in the Tourism and Transport Secto Essay

Political Implications and Its Role in the Tourism and Transport Sector in Mauritius - Essay Example The research recommends that the government formulate a long-term strategic policy of sustainable development, diversify into eco-tourism, event tourism, medical tourism or business tourism, and develop more programs to integrate the local community into sharing the benefits of the tourism industry. Mauritius, located 1000 km off the coast of Madagascar is a popular holiday destination for beach-resort tourists. After the EPZ manufacturing and agriculture, tourism is the key contributor to the economic growth as well as the development of Mauritius (Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority, 2010). Over the past two decades, the number of tourists has increased at a rate of 9% and tourism receipts have increased by over 21%. In 2000, gross tourism receipts were 14.2 billion rupees (508.3 million US $) and contributed to about 11 % of the GDP of Mauritius (Overview of the tourism sector in Mauritius, 2010). In 2007, tourist arrivals in reached around 907,000 and tourism receipts are about $1,297 million. This shows how tourism has progressed as a very important component of the economy in Mauritius. The case of Mauritius shows that tourism is considered a key contributor to the economic development of developing nations. It is a given fact that for the tourism industry to flourish in any particular nation, it is necessary that political environment supports and encourages tourism (de Silva, 2000). Over the past few years, tourism has become an extremely competitive industry. In wake of this competition, the policymakers have realized the importance of a health policy and a good political environment (Saleem, 1996). Tourists are people who can be easily influenced by any political or social even happening in a nation. Therefore, it becomes even more critical to ensure that the political and the governmental environment support tourist culture. According to Martin & Witt (1988), the infrastructure base of a country may be a determinant of the attractiveness of a tourism destination.  Ã‚  

Relationship between North Korea Citizen and Government Essay

Relationship between North Korea Citizen and Government - Essay Example It also avoided dissent and unrest from its citizenry by blocking â€Å"corrupt ideas† coming from the outside world particularly the West and promotes the idea that they â€Å"have nothing to envy in this world†. The Kim regime’s methodology for a time worked well because even if North Korea plunged into desperation with the famine of 1990s, with hunger that turned â€Å"vagabond children stealing fruit and hunting frogs; middle-aged women haggling over cheap Chinese-made goods in black markets; college-educated women wading half-naked across the Tumen River to sell themselves into arranged marriages with Chinese farmers; family patriarchs wasting away as the food rations ran out, often going raving mad before a quiet, hideous death from starvation† (Demick, 2009), North Koreans still believed that their government is serving them well. II. Example One of Regime’s Methods The first method employed by the North Korean government to control its peopl e is to physically isolate the country from the rest of the world. It is a deliberate scheme to create a vacuum in the minds of the North Korean people so that it would become receptive to whatever the government will say. ... In plain language, the Kim regime kept its citizenry ignorant about the world so that it will be easier to brain wash them. To illustrate the magnitude of how bent the ruling regime of North Korea in insulating its population from the influences of the outside world, it went as far as refusing humanitarian foreign aid when a great famine struck the country in the 1990s. As a result, many starved and died from hunger. Food rations became short and there was not even enough electricity that the country looks like a black hole at night when viewed from a satellite above because it was the only unlit region in Asia. This famine caused deaths by hundreds of thousands yet the people continued to believe that their government and Kim Jong Il is doing something good to them. The isolation that the North Korean government perpetuated was not only limited to the physical disconnection of its population from the outside world but also reinforced it with fear that anything outside its borders is evil. The West, â€Å"particularly United States† is being portrayed both as evil and enemy to ensure the psychological disconnect of its population from the west (particularly USA) and the rest of the world. Mi-Ran, one of the interviewed deserters narrated that during her youth â€Å"the radio and television played many times that South Koreans were miserable under the thumb of the pro- American puppet leader Park Chung- hee and, later, his successor, Chun Doohwan†; that their version of communism is â€Å"better than that of China because there are a lot of people going hungry in China†. Hearing this over and over again, Mi-Ran even believed that she was lucky to have been born in North Korea under the benevolence of their Great Leader.    III. Example

Political Implications and Its Role in the Tourism and Transport Secto Essay

Political Implications and Its Role in the Tourism and Transport Sector in Mauritius - Essay Example The research recommends that the government formulate a long-term strategic policy of sustainable development, diversify into eco-tourism, event tourism, medical tourism or business tourism, and develop more programs to integrate the local community into sharing the benefits of the tourism industry. Mauritius, located 1000 km off the coast of Madagascar is a popular holiday destination for beach-resort tourists. After the EPZ manufacturing and agriculture, tourism is the key contributor to the economic growth as well as the development of Mauritius (Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority, 2010). Over the past two decades, the number of tourists has increased at a rate of 9% and tourism receipts have increased by over 21%. In 2000, gross tourism receipts were 14.2 billion rupees (508.3 million US $) and contributed to about 11 % of the GDP of Mauritius (Overview of the tourism sector in Mauritius, 2010). In 2007, tourist arrivals in reached around 907,000 and tourism receipts are about $1,297 million. This shows how tourism has progressed as a very important component of the economy in Mauritius. The case of Mauritius shows that tourism is considered a key contributor to the economic development of developing nations. It is a given fact that for the tourism industry to flourish in any particular nation, it is necessary that political environment supports and encourages tourism (de Silva, 2000). Over the past few years, tourism has become an extremely competitive industry. In wake of this competition, the policymakers have realized the importance of a health policy and a good political environment (Saleem, 1996). Tourists are people who can be easily influenced by any political or social even happening in a nation. Therefore, it becomes even more critical to ensure that the political and the governmental environment support tourist culture. According to Martin & Witt (1988), the infrastructure base of a country may be a determinant of the attractiveness of a tourism destination.  Ã‚  

Cash Flow and Profit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cash Flow and Profit - Essay Example In most cases, cash flow is much important for small scale business than profits. Because of cash flow, a business may run properly. It is that money that is essential in running and managing a business without it,  a firm may be sent out of business. Additionally, cash flow is that money that a firm needs to continue paying its bills at the end of each month (Rosemary, 2015). Also, it is necessary to have cash flow as opposed to profits. Without cash flow, you may make profits but that would not be good for a company with long term goals. Profits may be good for a company, but cash flow is something that is a must for every business as it puts the company in a position to stand on its own even in times that are hard. A good example of a company that had much cash flow was Amazon (Stever Robbins Inc 2015). Despite making losses for some time, the cash flow available made it possible for the company to run for long enough to start realizing profits. Despite the differences between cash flow and profits, these two items are important to any business. Cash flow ensures that a business can stand on its own and profits put a business in a better position to expand its

English Letter of Persuasion Essay Example for Free

English Letter of Persuasion Essay I am writing to you today to request that my road, Knobatnight Lane in Ipswich, be made a priority in the future for gritting. As I’m sure you know the road itself is on the main bus route for our local secondary school, the prestigious Clive Warren’s Finishing School of Excellency, and I’m concerned that a lack of gritting during winter weather could possibly endanger people and their property or leave buses trying to continue down their route stranded. Furthermore, as you may be aware, Knobatnight Lane has achieved notoriety in recent years due to the spate of killings by rogue escapee emus from the world famous Nutty Acre’s emu sanctuary based on the end of the street on Knowyourrole Boulevard. I’m worried that these wild beasts, having turned their backs on the peaceful and respectful nature of Nutty Acre’s, will render any snow-stragglers stranded by stopped buses bereft of life (so to speak). We need to keep our streets safe and gritting seems to be the only way (After the council rejected my suggestion for a series of emu nets to be installed on every street corner) Overall I think that the safety of the people living in this area is paramount and with a small amount of effort, time and mainly, grit, together we can save lives. Yours Sincerely K. Dilkington

Theatre as Philosophy :: essays research papers

-Theatre as Philosophy-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The evolution of theatre is a long and complex story. What once began as a ritual to the ancient gods has since developed into an elaborate examination of mankind. Theatre originated in Ancient Greece as a celebration to the god Dionysius, where amateur actors would dance and sing in order to imitate him. Consequently, as the Greek Empire developed, so did theatre. By the end of the Greek Empire, scripts were being written, theatres were being built, and professional actors were being used. The tradition of theatre continued to flourish with the rise of the Roman Empire. This age saw great playwrights such as Seneca, Terence, and Plautus become great cultural icons, performing their plays in extravagant arenas known as coliseums. Nevertheless, the Roman Empire fell giving way to the Medieval Period, where governments were weak allowing feudalism to become prevalent. This absence of power led to a period of time where theatre was also absent. As time progressed the atre rose again and became popular throughout the world. Each territory had its own way of showing these plays, which either dealt with mystery of morality. Eventually the Medieval Period gave way to the Renaissance, whereupon nations developed into their own powers, inciting different styles of theatre. All the aforementioned time periods and some others have formed theatre into what it is today. Whether a play, movie, or even televisions show, they all can be attributed to the ever-evolving entertainment we know as theatre. However, no matter the time or the form of theatre, all have one thing in common. This is that they present a philosophy of life. In other words, they present a life lesson that intends to question the current way of life. The true challenge is entertaining an audience while teaching them at the same time. Nonetheless, this mesh of thought and pleasure is a must. Any good theatre is thought-provoking and didactic, while still remaining interesting. Most of these great works, old or new, are presented as either comedies or tragedies, where great storylines outline the theatrical production’s life philosophy. Comedies usually portray a philosophical meaning through the use of satire, while tragic writers utilize a series of unfortunate events to deliver a message. Whether one or the other, it is undoubtedly necessary to add philosophical meaning into a work in order to incite thought within the audience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some playwrights believe their moral lesson is best presented with a comedic coating.

Women Have the Right to Abortion Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Arg

Women Have the Right to Abortion Webster's New World Dictionary defines the word abortion as, "any spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or a fetus before it is sufficiently developed to survive" (Webster's 1988; Pps. 3- 4). Assuming the reader of this essay agrees with the above definition, I will explore the following thesis, and support my answer with appropriate, adequate documentation, from "Conversations": "Should abortion be legal? At what point in time, and under what criteria should it be restricted?" Let me begin with a rather neutral source. Sallie Tisdale, a registered nurse and writer (Tisdale, 737) in her essay, 'We Do Abortions Here', states: "Like many women my age, I took the pill as soon as I was sexually active. To risk pregnancy when it was so easy to avoid seemed stupid, and my contraceptive success, as it were, was part of the promise of social enlightenment. But birth control fails, far more frequently than laboratory trials predict" (Tisdale, 738) According to the 'left', abortion shouldn't be legal for anyone, regardless of the circumstances. What about this first example? Do those with this philosophy imply that women just shouldn't have sex, plain and simple, until they're ready to handle caring for a child? How does this conflict with the reality in our society that young men and women are having sex at an earlier age, then in previous generations? Is it possible that although this idea is well-intentioned, it may not take into account a person's need to be sexual, which is just part of the human condition? What's a woman to do, if she's taken the necessary precautions, including one of several choices, including condoms (both for men and women), or the pill, and either method fails... ...ld have the option to terminate the pregnancy immediately, as such conditions arise, regardless of the developmental stage of the unborn fetus. Works Cited Irving, John. Pornography and the New Puritans. 1992. Conversations: Readings for Writing. Ed. Jack Selzer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. 617. Tisdale, Sallie. We Do Abortions Here. 1987. Conversations: Readings for Writing. Ed. Jack Selzer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. 737-741. Quinn, Sally. Our Choices, Ourselves. 1992. Conversations: Readings for Writing. Ed. Jack Selzer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. 756. Meehan, Mary. Abortion: The Left Has Betrayed The Sanctity of Life. 1980. Conversations: Readings for Writing. Ed. Jack Selzer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997.747-752. "Abortion." Webster's New World Dictionary. 1988 ed. "Murder." Webster's New World Dictionary. 1988 ed. Women Have the Right to Abortion Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Arg Women Have the Right to Abortion Webster's New World Dictionary defines the word abortion as, "any spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or a fetus before it is sufficiently developed to survive" (Webster's 1988; Pps. 3- 4). Assuming the reader of this essay agrees with the above definition, I will explore the following thesis, and support my answer with appropriate, adequate documentation, from "Conversations": "Should abortion be legal? At what point in time, and under what criteria should it be restricted?" Let me begin with a rather neutral source. Sallie Tisdale, a registered nurse and writer (Tisdale, 737) in her essay, 'We Do Abortions Here', states: "Like many women my age, I took the pill as soon as I was sexually active. To risk pregnancy when it was so easy to avoid seemed stupid, and my contraceptive success, as it were, was part of the promise of social enlightenment. But birth control fails, far more frequently than laboratory trials predict" (Tisdale, 738) According to the 'left', abortion shouldn't be legal for anyone, regardless of the circumstances. What about this first example? Do those with this philosophy imply that women just shouldn't have sex, plain and simple, until they're ready to handle caring for a child? How does this conflict with the reality in our society that young men and women are having sex at an earlier age, then in previous generations? Is it possible that although this idea is well-intentioned, it may not take into account a person's need to be sexual, which is just part of the human condition? What's a woman to do, if she's taken the necessary precautions, including one of several choices, including condoms (both for men and women), or the pill, and either method fails... ...ld have the option to terminate the pregnancy immediately, as such conditions arise, regardless of the developmental stage of the unborn fetus. Works Cited Irving, John. Pornography and the New Puritans. 1992. Conversations: Readings for Writing. Ed. Jack Selzer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. 617. Tisdale, Sallie. We Do Abortions Here. 1987. Conversations: Readings for Writing. Ed. Jack Selzer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. 737-741. Quinn, Sally. Our Choices, Ourselves. 1992. Conversations: Readings for Writing. Ed. Jack Selzer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. 756. Meehan, Mary. Abortion: The Left Has Betrayed The Sanctity of Life. 1980. Conversations: Readings for Writing. Ed. Jack Selzer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997.747-752. "Abortion." Webster's New World Dictionary. 1988 ed. "Murder." Webster's New World Dictionary. 1988 ed.

National-state: Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism Theory

This paper seeks to analyse and discuss whether national-security paradigm` is a thing of the past, or is the basis of current international politics. This will also attempt to explain whether there is basis for realists, liberals and constructivists have to rethink the place of the state as the primary units of analysis and whether there is basis recognize the fact that non-state actors have played an increasingly important role in international politics. This will also explain whether these non-state actors do diminish the importance of the nation-states as the primary units of analysis.Analysis and DiscussionThis paper believes the ‘national-security paradigm` is not yet a thing of the past, as it is the still the basis of current international politics. Every nation will always be there valuing its state security despite the continuing and further evolving globalization.Waltz (2000) concluded that realism does not die every time peace breaks out. He just saw the change as i nternational politics has having the appearance of being transformed. He did argue that the world,   however, has not been transformed as the author view the structure of international politics to have simply been remade by the disappearance of the Soviet Union, and for a time nations live under the concept of unipolarity.Waltz (2000) also viewed the revolution in Soviet affairs and the end of the Cold War to have nor been brought by democracy, interdependence, or international institutions was just still realism and which called structural realism.The fact there was just transformation therefore did not make national-security paradigm irrelevant. The paradigm will still be there as long as there as states that exist for it may be argued that state must have security in its territory in the real sense for it to claim itself a state under political law principles, for then without security could imply lack of sovereignty.It may now be asked: Do realists, liberals; constructivists h ave to rethink the place of the state as the primary units of analysis? Is there basis to recognize the fact that non-state actors have played an increasingly important role in international politics? Do these non-state factors diminish the importance of the nation-states as the primary units of analysis?This paper believes that realists, liberals and constructivists have to rethink the place of the state as the primary units of analysis as non-state actors have actors have played an increasingly important role in international politics.Current developments provide evidence for non-state actors playing these types of roles.   Ã‚  Badie (2001)   concluded that   the â€Å"current globalization process reinforces the transnational paradigm that focuses on individuals as international actors, with a new configuration emerging in which politics loses the hierarchical position implied by realism.† He identified and described the three kinds of actors to include the state, tr ansnational actors, and identity entrepreneurs to be promoting a special type of commitments. Badie (2001) therefore see a civic commitment to the state, a utilitarian and pragmatic commitment to transnational networks, and a primary commitment to identity entrepreneurs.At the other extreme, a counter argument may be posed about apparent non-application of the theories of realism, liberalism and constructivism (Checkel, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mearsheimer, John (1995) discovered the fact that many policymakers and academics believe that institutions hold great promise for promoting international peace. In finding this belief as optimistic, Mearsheimer, (1995), he argued the assessment of institutions is not warranted, but attributed mainly to the three institutionalist theories underpinning the same that are flawed.He asserted the presence of serious problems with the causal logic of each theory, and little empirical evidence for any of them.   Ã‚  As he found little independent ef fect do institutions have on state behavior, he recognized a very important paradox that   Ã¢â‚¬Å"although the world does not work the way institutionalist theories say it does or should, those theories remain highly influential in both the academic and policy worlds.† (Mearsheimer, 1995)He could only surmise that with the limited impact of institutions on state behavior, observers would expect considerable skepticism, even cynicism, when institutions are described as a major force for peace, while the same institutions are still normally described in capable terms by scholars and governing elites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Mearsheimer, (1995) explained his basis on the fact in the academic world, the pervasive impact of realism found itself amply demonstrated in the institutionalist literature.To reinforce the paradox found, and despite the theories’ influence, the author cited the seriously-thinking Americans about foreign policy issues but still disliking realism intensely, due to conflicts their basic values. By citing Shimko (1992), he was able to show how the theory is opposed on Americans way of thinking about themselves and the wider world. (Mearsheimer, 1995)In the absence therefore of convincing declaration that the theories are inapplicable there is still basis to uphold the use of the same in practice. Perhaps anew approach for assessing the worldviews may into the situation. In such context,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mowle (2003) claimed that to have developed a new approach for assessing such worldviews that motivate the decisions of state leaders.   He argued that problem representations found in official statements give us the information we need to be able to infer worldviews in a wide number of cases. In arguing that method can yield useful information across a larger number of states and decision-makers than would be provided by constructing a full cognitive map of all relevant persons and assessing how they interact as a group-although the inf requent situations where we have such full models, he recommended that use of the same to supplement studies conducted with this approach.He further argued the possibility of extending this approach to other issue areas and other worldviews but he warned to be careful in two areas. One is that â€Å"it must be possible to define criteria that would be observable in problem representations in the issue area while the other is that must be reasonable to assume that the ideal worldviews setting a baseline for inference bear some resemblance to elements of the actual worldview.Put simply, the argument and evidence of Mowle, (2003) are still poised to still support some view of realism and liberalism, albeit with some problems.With the given dynamism in international relations, other authors even saw a dilemma in some of the state theories. Sorensen (1996) in discussing the core of Hobbes's dilemma found that the state needs to be both strong and weak. He argued that the state needs to be strong in order to be able to create domestic order and security and the same state also needs to be weak in the sense of being responsive to society. With his support for realism and liberalism, he argued for necessity of the disciplining instruments as contained in the realist and or the liberal approaches, for without, he believes that state elites will most likely turn predatory.By seeing that predatory state elites are part of the development problem, Sorensen (1996) argued that in no way are they part of the solution. Similarly be still believed that a state which provides for security and order is needed for the promotion of development. In appreciating also Hobbes's dilemma has provided helps for observers focus sharply on the problem of predatory state rulers, he was more convinced that the solutions provided by the realist and the liberal approach will required further development in order to work in the context of weak states in the post-cold war world as he is prepare d to see the working of possible ways out of the current problems in a manner described earlier.ConclusionIt may be concluded that national security is still a basis of current international politics. While it is true that   realists, liberals; constructivists have to rethink the place of the state as the primary units of analysis as non-state actors have played an increasingly important role in international politics, there is no enough evidence to warrant removal of the concept of nation-states as part of the units of analysis. It must be admitted however that there have been changes that have happened which must taken into consideration which has the effect of diminishing the importance of nation-states as primary units of analysis. It may be further declared that it is hard to detach the concept of national-security concept or paradigm so long as the concept a state exists in the books.References:Badie, Bertrand (2001), Realism under Praise, or a Requiem? The Paradigmatic Deba te in International Relations , International Political Science Review ,Vol22, No. 3,253-260Checkel (1998) The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World Politics Vol.50, No.2 (January 1998)Mearsheimer, John J.   (1995) The False Promise of International Institutions, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3. pp. 5-49.Mowle, T. (2003),Worldviews in Foreign Policy: Realism, Liberalism, and External Conflict, Political Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 3., pp. 561-592.  Shimko, Keith L. (1992) â€Å"Realism, Neorealism, and American Liberalism,† Review of Politics, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 281-301Sorensen, George (1996)   Development as a Hobbesian dilemma, Third World Quarterly, Vol 17, No 5, pp 903-916Waltz, Kenneth (2000) Structural Realism after the Cold War, International Security, Vol. 25, No. 1. pp. 5-41.

Pre and Post M&a Performance in Accounting Ratio Essay

There are loads of tools to measure the performance of a financial performance of an entity but financial ratios is probably the best known tool which is mainly to analyze the performance of an entity by comparing the present to the past relative figures taken or composed from the financial statement . The few categories of ratios are liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, efficiency ratios, debt ratios and market ratios which will be able to describe the entity’s characteristics. Ratios show the true performance and position of the entity. In order for investors to determine their choices of entity to invest in, financial ratios play an important role in providing sufficient information to users about the entity’s characteristic. We predict that companies are performing better after merger and acquisition and there will be an increase in profit of companies pre merger and acquisition compare to post merger and acquisition activities. However, the global merger and acquisition (M&A) market is expected to experience a modest increase this year following significant revisions in earnings expectation for 2009. Studies relatively prove that ratios are important but which ratios, among the loads of ratios which can be computed easily from the available financial statement, should be used to analyze to obtain a wise decision (Kung & Thomas, 1981); (Maretno & Howard, 1996). Problem statement Accounting ratios usage in merger & acquisition are not understood very well as to whether companies or investors are using accounting ratios to analyze performance pre and post decision making for M&A. Therefore, this study will try to find out as to whether merger and acquisition activities are caused by the use of accounting ratio when management tries to expand a company’s operation. Accounting ratios is wide in variety and is known for its diversities in calculating different ratios, which makes selecting the right ratio to do analysis on is difficult. Every company when making merger and acquisition decisions will have to go through different decision making process in their organization and not based solely on accounting ratios when taking actions. Things such as relationship of merging companies, financing matter or management efficiency are often overlooked in previous studies, therefore, apart from addressing the use of accounting ratio in making merger and acquisiti on, we will also address on other matters that are affecting merger and acquisition decision making. Companies that have made merger and acquisition in the few years will be analyzed whether merger and acquisition has benefitted the company. This analysis will have to be based on companies that have made merger and acquisition for few years so that analysis could be made to ascertain whether merger and acquisition has improved the company’s performance. The data that is collected could be redundant as the data collected could only be analyzed from the past. Apart from that, companies that are engaged in merger and acquisition will tend to keep their methods in acquiring companies as a secret; therefore, there is no information that will be disclosed to us when we are doing research. We will only be able to get information based on announcement on the Bursa Saham Malaysia and also annual report analysis on the companies that we will base our study on. Based solely on the annual report, we will have to analyze companies that have been engaged in merger and acquisition is perfor ming better as a company before merger and acquisition or after merger and acquisition. Studies that have addressed the problem Several past studies have shown several findings. There were significant improvements in the liquidity, leverage and profitability position of most studied companies. Normally, total assets consist of equity, debt and retained earnings to finance the corporation. In the study, it was found that total assets were always less than the debt plus equity for pre acquisition period, but after acquisition, it is positive. All the units selected for the study were sick, but after takeover five out of eight revived (Rao & Sanker, 1997). The acquiring firms had performed above the industry average and the acquired firms were below the industry average in term of size and profitability (Cosh et al., 1998). The firms recorded meaningful increase in their net earnings, and those with the successful merger of the firms, the return on capital employed and return on total assets, increased substantially with a significant percentage. The variability in the earnings (risk) of the pre-merger firms was significantly higher than that of post-merger firms (Agundu & Karibo, 1999). Pilloff (1996) finds no significant change in post merger ROE, however, when he utilizes operating income before provision instead of net income to calculate ROE, there is a significant increase in post-merger returns. Deficiencies in studies Unfortunately, most studies do not distinguish between healthy and troubled companies due to the relative scarcity of outright failures as an indicator of the latter. Data are not readily available to every person and critical data is only available to top level management, which causes analysis on company performance not accurate. Accounting ratios usage in studies are not standardized for number of ratios used and types of ratios used, making comparisons of this study to previous studies almost impossible. Some of the studies only find out accounting ratio performance before and after merger and acquisition, but they did not take into account the management performance improvement. Importance of the study Basically, the compelling reason for merger and acquisition is to make more money. This study analyses the pre and post performance in accounting ratio of various entities in Malaysia which involved in merger and acquisition. Therefore, it seeks to contribute to entities which look forward to expand their businesses by merging and acquiring entities in order to broaden their sources and to increase their performance as well as position of the entity. This study also justifies the importance of financial ratios as a tool in decision making for most users to merge and acquire entities. Besides that, this study further proves that financial ratios could be used to speculate and estimate the future of the entity’s development and growth by developing ratio values to be compared with the normal or regular value. Furthermore, the global merger and acquisition market is expected to experience a modest increase this year following significant revisions in earnings expectation for 2009. According to KPMG International’s Global merger and acquisition Predictor, modest increases are expected in both deal-making appetite and capacity globally. Therefore, it is hoped that the result of this study is valuable to entities for the purpose of merging and acquiring. Purpose statement The purpose of this study is to determine whether financial ratios contribute to the decision in merging and acquiring another entity. For this purpose, we analyze the performance of the entity before and after merging or acquisition of the holding or parent entity across industries to identify the status of the performance and position of the entity currently. We would have to identify the entity’s characteristics in terms of their operating and accounting performance by comparing to their values before the merger and acquisition. In our analysis, we also focus on the use financial ratios as a mechanism to compare the pre and post-acquisition performance. Furthermore, we also use financial ratio to predict the performance of the acquired entity as well as the growth of the entity. Organization of the study The rest of the research is organized into chapters as follows. Chapter 2 review about the literature regarding the accounting ratio performance before and after merger and acquisition would be provided. The topic and the arguments from researchers will be discussed. Justification of the research objectives would be provided with all the relevant literatures. Chapter 3 describes and provides detailed explanation on the method used in collecting the relevant data, the desired sample design, appropriate methodology employed in this study and also the data analysis method. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this chapter, further discussion on the topic will be done based on prior empirical studies and a derivation of hypothesis will be done. To be able to evaluate the post and pre merger and acquisition deal by companies in Malaysia, a concept is to be conceived with prior literature that is related to the performance of firms that has been acquiring other firms. 2.1 Theory/Concept Foundation Shareholders of a corporation that is involved in Merger & Acquisition activity would like to see their value of stock in the acquiring corporation to rise post-M&A compared to pre-M&A. Therefore, it is important that an M&A transaction done with the shareholders in mind, this theory of maximizing shareholder value is fairly new as it is introduced by William Lazonick and Mary O’Sullivan in year 2000. Shareholder value should be used regularly when decisions are made to be able to regulate how a company operates for the sake of the shareholders. For a shareholder to have his value increased, all the activities from the factory workers to top level management should work together to find the best way to increase the value of the company. To increase shareholder value, restructuring of companies are needed to be able to sustain the changing economic climate according to time development. Evaluation of companies performance will be done to ensure shareholders value do increase po st-M&A. From the theory we could derive that performance of a company depends on the value that they would like to preserve for their shareholders. For every shareholder that would like to expand the company operation and size, they will have to be able to provide funds for the company in the form of investment. Apart from that, trend evolution plays a part in a merging or acquisition decision. An acquirer may look at the performance of the company that they are trying to takeover. The acquirers look at the financial feasibility of acquiring the company on the share price and value for money. If a value is low, they will be able to takeover the company at a lower price. And it is known that M&A deals are done so that a company could expand into a new market segment or improve their current segment. Apart from that, it should be noted that there are several types of mergers and acquisition. It should be noted that firms that are acquiring are larger if not significantly larger than the acquired firms. 2.2 Review of Prior Empirical Studies Life cycle of a firm will accelerate the need for M&A deals as firms grew older, they could be expanding their size and because of this, and M&A will be done to be able to involve themselves into different segments of businesses. According to (Sian Owen & Alfred Yawson, 2008), they propose that in certain life cycle of a company, they will engage in some kind of M&A activities. This is because there is a need to grow their company or to decrease the involvement of the owner by giving up the power of the company to another firm. Therefore, it should be noted that companies will go through M&A at different life cycle to develop their performance even further or simply to pull out of the company ownership. The data that they use to examine this is based in the US, therefore, it may be not practical to be used here, but this is an opportunity for us to examine the life cycle factor in the pre and post M&A performance figure. The main objective for merger and acquisition activities is to increase the return of the equity shareholders who are considered real owners of the company. Shareholders are also takes the responsibilities to bear maximum risk of the company. Different impact (positive, negative and mix) either success or failure will occur for different M&A deals. Since we cannot make any conclusion based on only one ratio. So, different ratio are using in this article to measure the company performance in term of liquidity position, operating efficiency, overall efficiency, return to equity shareholders and financial composition. By looking at single ratio, it is hard for researcher to determine whether acquirer company success or failure to make M&A deals? Because a high rate of return showed on acquiree company such as consulting firms doesn’t means they make a good investments, since they require no assets. There are more than half of the 74 merger and acquisition cases showed an improvement in the financial performance in post time period of this article. However, 15% out of these cases had increase their working capital and debt to equity, which means that the company suffer long term financial burden of current assets and long terms funds which use to finance current assets. Small sample size was used by this researcher. Although there are 200 deals of M&A in India but only 74 companies can provide the available financial data which require by researcher. So, there was reliable issue of this research outcome. Except ratio, there are many issues must be takes into consideration by making M&A decision such as by predicting future prospects, company past performance, law and regulations of the country which can help to reach a better conclusion. So researcher can’t make exact and absolute conclusion by only interpret financial ratio of company (Kumar and Bansal, 2008). Those are significant difference between merger and acquisition. Misleading conclusions may be made by those researchers who combined these two different terms. Acquisitions is a more successful way to bring positive effects to the company compared with mergers in term of generate greater profitability, return on investment or equity, increased in operating performance, etc. This might due to the way the merger or acquire. Acquirer may acquire a small division, patent or the company which use for the purpose of strategic alliances and value added to current business. In contrary, merges activities become less attractive to the potential shareholder due to reduce return or shareholder wealth or even negative return and decrease in profitability or even suffer losses of the company (Hassan, Patro, Tuckman & Wang, 2007). The theoretical models of liquidity stresses the degree of trading stock, adverse selection, stock volatility, and competitiveness of market making (Lipson & Mortal, 2007). According to the prior review, the degree of trading interest in a stock has a positive relationship with the level of trading activity. Therefore, the fixed trading costs can be spread out over a larger number of trades. The adverse selection cost incurs when negative action is taken to counter an adverse situation of trades. For example, if stock traders have relatively more information compare to the liquidity providers, liquidity providers will recover their losses from trading with better informed counterparts by increasing their average revenue. Stock volatility affects the trading cost positively as well. When stocks are more volatile, the holding cost of the stock would be relatively higher and the cost would be passed on to buyers when being traded. The competitiveness of market making affects the trading cost negatively. When the market makers are less competitive, the increase in competition will reduce the trading cost. Besides that, the firm’s characteristics also affect the accounting ratio after M&A. Prior studies noted that M&A increases the liquidity of firms on average but the improvements are fully explained by the accompanying changes in firm characteristics (Lipson & Mortal, 2007). Firm characteristics such as sizes of the firm, volume and number of shareholders are taken into consideration in prior studies. Relatively larger firms will have greater trading interest since more positions are offered in the firm. Benston and Hangerman (1974) also acknowledge the effect of firm size and volume to M&A. Therefore, the sizes of the firm are expected to affect the decision M&A of a firm. The increase in adverse selection can be seen in Heflin and Shaw (2000) where they argue that the effect of a blockholder ownership is a result of superior blockholder information. The results are consistent with the results in Lipson and Mortal (2007). Past studies document that larger firms tend to be followed by a greater number of market makers (Wahal, 1997), which he attributes to increased c ompetition among market makers. Also derived in Lipson and Mortal (2007), the increased in market making reduces order processing cost, hence reducing trading cost. According to (Arturo Bris, Neil Brisley, Christos Cabolis 2008), M&A is done following the corporate governance decision as legal rules or accounting standard. The countries difference in degree of investor protection as well as firm value, ownership structure. When we are merger and acquisition usually adopts the accounting standards. This implies that, the corporate in a country can adopt difference level of investor protect. If corporate governance have set the legal rules then the corporate follow it. Therefore, the corporate investments losses or change operation performance. The legal rule can protect shareholder and investors so that they will not have legal liabilities. The corporate governance quality is follow shareholder protection and accounting standard when we are merger and acquisition can test corporate worsening and preserving acquisitions. If we are test pre merger and acquisition performance not efficiency then corporate governance quality also will not good. The corporation will easy give large corporate takeover or the corporation will bankrupt. However, the corporation operation quality good will not let large corporate takeover the firm. The corporate governance quality well can enhance merger and acquisition value and good performance. According to Holger Breinlich (2008), merger and acquisition become industrial restructuring after trade liberalization. It is can increase merger and acquisition activities and merger and acquisition transferred resource from less to more productive firms. It is because pre corporation not efficiency performance source make it loss. Therefore, after merger and acquisition the corporate efficiency performance source make it earning profit and improvement the corporate. Merger and acquisition not just to transfer source, it is also can qualitatively difference from other adjust form. Before merger and acquisition is not well make the workers becoming unemployed and also will make economic recession. When new ownership takeover the corporate then worker has working already and economic also will slowly become good. However, the larger corporate takeovers corporate better the corporate bankrupt and as such no need face unnecessary legal restriction. From the past studies, Letho and Lehtoranta (2004) study that M&A synergies can be realized by owing unique technology and knowledge and then transferring these intangibles to the target firm. The industrial organization (IO) literature states that both horizaontal and industry-diversifying acquisitions might affect R&D. When firms are active in the line of business, economies of scale in R&D input can be occurred because of M&As. Besides, value can created also by M&As from uniting complementary know-how (Cassiman B, Colombo M, Garrone P, Veugelers R, 2003). Similarly, intangibles could matter in domestic as well as cross-border takeover (Kang and Johansson, 2000). The ratio of intangible assets (goodwill paid in earlier M&As has to be minus first) to total assets is used to examine these ideas. The financial synergies are realized by looking at the capital structure of potential acquirers. The idea is that when firms relying heavily on bank loans, it is risky to the firm and also acquirers will have less interest on the firm. Therefore, firms that relying heavily on bank loans will quickly seek to reduce their overall risk and recognize a lower cost of capital by engaging in industry-diversifying and in cross-border M&As. Indeed, cost of capital can be reduced when cash flows from target and bidders are not highly correlated. Besides, additional borrowing capacity post-M&A can be created and this is a good performance for a firm after M&A. If stock prices of a firm are down, the takeover of a firm can constitute a bargain relative to investing in new facilities in order to recover from scratch. Furthermore, the valuation of private targets is lower once stock market sentiment is down, through the use of a lower multiples or higher risk premium when valuing target stock. This under-valuation hypothesis suggests that stock prices and M&A decisions are negatively related. In contrast, soaring stock prices can facilitate the financing of M&As in which they using bidder stock to pay for these deals. When firms consider that their stock to be over-valued, they tend to issue new shares (Shleifer and Vishny, 2003). There will be positive relationship between stock prices and external growth. However, the positive relationship may be difficult to observe when a sample is dominated by private enterprises. This is also because of those non-listed bidder stock is unwilling to be accepted by target investors. The average market-wid e price earnings (P/E) ratio at the M&A announcement date is used to capture stock market conditions, given that private firms dominate the sample. 2.3 Hypothesis Development The first hypothesis comes from our own assumption to examine how does a company perform post-M&A compared to pre-M&A. The assumption is that a company could perform better in the form of ratios because their capital has increased due to increase in non current assets. If a company obtains another company through M&A, it is expected that they have certain amount of capital available to expand their firm size; therefore, there will be increase in capital in the form of ROE and ROA ratios once a firm is engaged in M&A activities. H º =After M&A, there will be increase in ratios of ROE and ROA H ¹=Before M&A, asset ROA and ROE are higher From previous study of (Moeller, Schlingemann & Stulz, 2004), it is known that they examined for the below hypothesis in their research. And this hypothesis will be tested in Malaysia context so that we will be able to measure the level of performance compared to the size of the firm. H º=Small firm perform better after M&A H ¹=Acquirer’s firm perform worse after M&A 2.4 Model/Framework Negative relationship Positive Relationship As proposed, the relationship between pre-M&A is a negative relationship to the ratio. And it should be lower than post-M&A ratio as after M&A activities, the ratio should increase and higher. Positive relationship Negative relationship As proposed, the larger firm will adapt less well after M&A compared to smaller firm. Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design The research will be carried out as an explanatory study. This study method is used for our research because this study will explain how M&A affects performance of a company. The design will be carried out by using pair sample T-Test testing the relationship of the variables of performance of the company and the pre and post M&A activities. The research will be carried out to test whether an M&A activity does increase the performance of a company or it does not accelerate the activity of the company. Archival research will be used thoroughly to understand the improvement or deterioration in the firms post-M&A compared to pre-M&A. 3.2 Population, Sample and Sampling Procedure For our research for M&A companies in Malaysia, a census will be conducted as it is expected that there are only several hundreds of companies that have conducted M&A locally. The census data will be collected by using the Bursa Malaysia website via manual search and the usage of Osiris database. Therefore, the data will be collected through these 2 ways. 3.3 Data Collection Method As it is said, the data to be used will be secondary data. Documentary secondary data will be collected and used throughout this research. The data will be consisted of written materials which are companies’ annual reports. The annual report will be compiled based on the activities that are involved by the respective companies with a view that M&A deals are conducted by the company within the years of investigation which range from year 2001 to 2005. References Rao, K.V., & Sanker, K.R. (1997). Takeover as a Strategy of Turnaround. UTI edited book. Cosh, A., Hughes, A., Lee, K., & Singh, A. (1998). â€Å"Takeovers, institutional investment and the persistence of profits†, in Begg, I. and Henry, S.G.B. (Eds), Applied Economics and Public Policy, Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Agundu, P.C., & Karibo, N.O. (1999). â€Å"Risk analysis in corporate mergers decisions in developing economies†. Journal of Financial Management and Analysis, 12(2), 13-17. Moeller, S.B., Schlingemann, F.P., & Stulz, R.M. (2004). â€Å"Firm size and the gains from acquisitions†. Journal of Financial Economics, 73, 201-28. Pilloff, S.J. (1996). Performance changes and stockholder wealth creation associated with mergers of publicly traded banking institutions. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 28, 294-310. Bris, A., Brisley, N., & Cabolis, C. (2008). Adopting better corporate governance: Evidence from cross-border mergers. Journal of Corporate Finance, 14, 224-240. Breinlich, H. (2008). Trade liberalization and industrial restructuring through mergers and acquisitions. Journal of International Economics, 76, 254–266. Kumar, S., & Bansal, L.K.(2008). The impact of mergers and acquisitions on corporate performance in India. Management Decision, 46 (10), 1531-1543. Hassan, M., Patro, D.K., Tuckman, H., & Wang, X.L. (2007). Do mergers and acquisitions create shareholder wealth in the pharmaceutical industry? International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 1 (1), 58-78.